The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Editorial
Open accessAbstract
Among mammals, there is an inverse semilogarithmic relation between heart rate and life expectancy. The product of these variables, namely, the number of heart beats/lifetime, should provide a mathematical expression that defines for each species a predetermined number of heart beats in a lifetime. Plots of the calculated number of heart beats/lifetime among mammals against life expectancy and body weight (allometric scale of 0.5 x 10(6)) are, within an order of magnitude, remarkably constant and average 7.3 +/- 5.6 x 10(8) heart beats/lifetime. A study of universal biologic scaling and mortality suggests that the basal energy consumption/body atom per heart beat is the same in all animals (approximately 10(-8) O2 molecules/heart beat). These data yield a mean value of 10 x 10(8) heart beats/lifetime and suggest that life span is predetermined by basic energetics of living cells and that the apparent inverse relation between life span and heart rate reflects an epiphenomenon in which heart rate is a marker of metabolic rate. Thus, the question of whether human life can be extended by cardiac slowing remains moot and most likely will only be resolved by retrospective analyses of large populations, future animal studies and clinical trials using bradycardic therapy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This concern is potentiated by population-based studies indicating that baseline heart rate elevations are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, cancer, and mortality.2–5”
From Sinus Tachycardia: a Multidisciplinary Expert Focused Review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, numerous population-based studies indicate that baseline heart rate elevations are associated with increased risk of incident heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and death.2–5,20–22”
From Sinus Tachycardia: a Multidisciplinary Expert Focused Review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
Oxidative Stress, Caloric Restriction, and Aging
Sohal, R. S., & Weindruch, R. H. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5271.59 · Cited by 3,133
Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment
Schmidt‐Nielsen, K. (1962) · Cited by 2,489
(1957) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1957.tb59931.x · Cited by 1,233
Packer, M., Colucci, W. S., Sackner‐Bernstein, J., Liang, C., Goldscher, D. A., Freeman, I., Kukin, M. L., Kinhal, V., Udelson, J. E., Klapholz, M., et al. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.11.2793 · Cited by 605
Medical Therapy Can Improve the Biological Properties of the Chronically Failing Heart
Eichhorn, E. J., & Bristow, M. R. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.9.2285 · Cited by 461
Adjunctive Drug Therapy of Acute Myocardial Infarction — Evidence from Clinical Trials
Hennekens, C. H., Albert, C. M., Godfried, S. L., Gaziano, J. M., & Buring, J. E. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199611283352207 · Cited by 259
Organ Weights in Primates and Other Mammals
Stahl, W. R. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.150.3699.1039 · Cited by 188
Ingle, L., Wood, T. R., & Banta, A. M. (1937) · Journal of Experimental Zoology · doi:10.1002/jez.1400760206 · Cited by 171
Energetics of the human heart∗
Levine, H. J., & Wagman, R. J. (1962) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(62)90155-8 · Cited by 104
Self-citationUniversal biological scaling and mortality.
MYa, A. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12453 · Cited by 64
Economos, A. C. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000212400 · Cited by 36
The electrocardiogram of the elephant
WHITE, P. D., Jenks, J. L., & Benedict, F. G. (1938) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(38)90957-3 · Cited by 35
Coburn, A. F., Rm, G., & Rivera, S. M. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 28
Optimum heart rate of large failing hearts
Levine, H. J. (1988) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(88)90779-5 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary
Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Boysen, G., Burell, G. K., Cífková, R., Dallongeville, J., Backer, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Gjelsvik, B., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 · Cited by 3,865
Heart Rate, Life Expectancy and the Cardiovascular System: Therapeutic Considerations
Boudoulas, K. D., BORER, J. S., & Boudoulas, H. K. (2015) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000435947 · Cited by 1,952
Graham (2007) · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000277983.23934.c9 · Cited by 1,647
Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease
Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Larson, M. G., Beiser, A., & Levy, D. A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)10279-9 · Cited by 943
Diaz, A., Bourassa, M. G., Guertin, M.-C., & Tardif, J.-C. (2005) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi190 · Cited by 790
Metadata
- Authors
- Levine, H. J.
- Corresponding author
- Herbert J. Levine
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1104-1106
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W116116059
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- heart rate, life expectancy, allometric scaling, basal metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, bradycardia, lifespan extension
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Temperature, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Heart Rate, Humans, Life Expectancy, Mammals, Rest, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
