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Health Systems and Access to Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV in Southern Africa: Service Delivery and Human Resources Challenges
Open accessAbstract
Without strengthened health systems, significant access to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in many developing countries is unlikely to be achieved. This paper reflects on systemic challenges to scaling up ARV access in countries with both massive epidemics and weak health systems. It draws on the authors' experience in southern Africa and the World Health Organization's framework on health system performance. Whilst acknowledging the still significant gap in financing, the paper focuses on the challenges of reorienting service delivery towards chronic disease care and the human resource crisis in health systems. Inadequate supply, poor distribution, low remuneration and accelerated migration of skilled health workers are increasingly regarded as key systems constraints to scaling up of HIV treatment. Problems, however, go beyond the issue of numbers to include productivity and cultures of service delivery. As more countries receive funds for antiretroviral access programmes, strong national stewardship of these programmes becomes increasingly necessary. The paper proposes a set of short- and long-term stewardship tasks, which include resisting the verticalisation of HIV treatment, the evaluation of community health workers and their potential role in HIV treatment access, international action on the brain drain, and greater investment in national human resource functions of planning, production, remuneration and management.RésuméSeul un renforcement des systèmes de santé permettra à nombre de pays en développement de garantir un large accès à la thérapie antirétrovirale. Cet article réfléchit aux obstacles systémiques contrariant l'accès aux ARV dans des pays où l'épidémie est massive et les systèmes de santé faibles. Il est fondé sur l'expérience des auteurs en Afrique australe et sur le cadre de l'OMS pour l'évaluation de la performance des systèmes de santé. Tout en constatant la persistance des manques financiers, l'article se concentre sur la réorientation des services vers le traitement des maladies chroniques et la crise des ressources humaines dans les systèmes de santé. Des facteurs comme la pénurie de personnel, la distribution inégale, la faible rémunération et la migration accélérée des agents de santé qualifiés sont de plus en plus considérés comme des obstacles systémiques clés à l'élargissement du traitement du VIH. Néanmoins, les problèmes dépassent la question de l'offre pour inclure la productivité et les cultures de la prestation des services. À mesure que davantage de pays reçoivent des fonds pour les programmes d'accès aux antirétroviraux, un fort encadrement national de ces programmes devient de plus en plus nécessaire. L'article propose un ensemble de tâches de supervision à court et long terme, notamment s'opposer à la verticalisation du traitement du VIH, évaluer les agents de santé communautaires et leur rôle potentiel dans l'accès au traitement du VIH, mener une action internationale sur l'exode des cadres et investir davantage dans les fonctions nationales des ressources humaines en matière de planification, production, rémunération et gestion.ResumenEn muchos países en desarrollo, es improbable que se logre mayor acceso a la terapia antirretroviral (ARV) sin antes fortalecer los sistemas de salud. En este artículo, basado en la experiencia de los autores en África meridional y en el marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre el desempeño de los sistemas sanitarios, se reflexiona sobre los retos sistémicos relacionados con la ampliación del acceso a los ARV en los países con grandes epidemias y sistemas de salud deficientes. Aunque se reconoce la brecha aún considerable en financiamiento, se destacan los retos en reorientar la prestación de servicios hacia el tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas y la crisis de recursos humanos en los sistemas de salud. El suministro inadecuado, la deficiente distribución, la baja remuneración y la acelerada migración de los trabajadores sanitarios calificados, son considerados cada vez más como limitaciones clave de los sistemas en la ampliación del tratamiento del VIH. Otos problemas son la productividad y las culturas de prestación de servicios. A medida que más países reciben fondos para los programas de acceso a los ARV, también aumenta la necesidad de contar con una sólida administración nacional de esos programas. En este artículo se propone una serie de tareas administrativas de corto y largo plazo: resistencia a la verticalización del tratamiento del VIH, evaluación de los trabajadores de la salud comunitarios y su posible función en ampliar el acceso al tratamiento del VIH, acción internacional respecto al éxodo de profesionales y una mayor inversión en las funciones de planificación, producción, remuneración y administración de los recursos humanos nacionales.
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Cites
Improving Primary Care for Patients With Chronic Illness: The Chronic Care Model, Part 2
Bodenheimer, T., Wagner, E. H., & Grumbach, K. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.15.1909 · Cited by 2,413
Cited by
Role and outcomes of community health workers in HIV care in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review
Mwai, G. W., Mburu, G., Torpey, K., Frost, P., Ford, N., & Seeley, J. (2013) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.16.1.18586 · Cited by 372
The perils of polycentric governance of infectious disease in South Africa
Lieberman, E. S. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.012 · Cited by 118
Stein, J., Lewin, S., Fairall, L., Mayers, P., English, R., Bheekie, A., Bateman, E., & Zwarenstein, M. (2008) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-8-240 · Cited by 59
George, G., Quinlan, T., Reardon, C., & Aguilera, J.-F. (2012) · Health SA Gesondheid · doi:10.4102/hsag.v17i1.622 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, H., Blaauw, D., Gilson, L., Chabikuli, N., & Goudge, J.
- Venue
- Reproductive Health Matters
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- 12-23
- ISSN
- 0968-8080 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9576
- OpenAlex
- W2019060717
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 7.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- Schneider, H., Blaauw, D., Gilson, L., Chabikuli, N., & Goudge, J. (2006). Health Systems and Access to Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV in Southern Africa: Service Delivery and Human Resources Challenges. Reproductive Health Matters. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0968-8080(06)27232-x
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