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Gendered norms, sexual exploitation and adolescent pregnancy in rural Tanzania
Open accessAbstract
Adolescent pregnancy places girls at increased risk for poor health and educational outcomes that limit livelihood options, economic independence, and empowerment in adulthood. In Tanzania, adolescent pregnancy remains a significant concern, with over half of all first births occurring before women reach the age of 20. A participatory research and action project (Vitu Newala) conducted formative research in a rural district on the dynamics of sexual risk and agency among 82 girls aged 12–17. Four major risk factors undermined girls' ability to protect their own health and well-being: poverty that pushed them into having sex to meet basic needs, sexual expectations on the part of older men and boys their age, rape and coercive sex (including sexual abuse from an early age), and unintended pregnancy. Transactional sex with older men was one of the few available sources of income that allowed adolescent girls to meet their basic needs, making this a common choice for many girls, even though it increased the risk of unintended (early) pregnancy. Yet parents and adult community members blamed the girls alone for putting themselves at risk. These findings were used to inform a pilot project aimed to engage and empower adolescent girls and boys as agents of change to influence powerful gender norms that perpetuate girls' risk.RésuméLa grossesse accroît le risque de mauvais état de santé et de résultats scolaires médiocres chez les adolescentes, ce qui limite leurs moyens de subsistance, leur indépendance économique et leur autonomisation à l'âge adulte. En République-Unie de Tanzanie, la grossesse des adolescentes demeure une grave préoccupation, plus de la moitié des premières naissances se produisant avant que la femme ait 20 ans. Une recherche participative et un projet de mobilisation (Vitu Newala) a mené une analyse formative dans un district rural sur la dynamique de l'activité et des risques sexuels parmi 82 adolescentes âgées de 12 à 17 ans. Quatre principaux facteurs de risque compromettaient la capacité des jeunes filles à protéger leur santé et leur bien-être : la pauvreté, qui les incitait à avoir des relations sexuelles pour satisfaire leurs besoins essentiels, les attentes sexuelles de la part d'hommes plus âgés et d'adolescents, le viol et les rapports sexuels forcés (y compris les abus sexuels à un jeune âge), et les grossesses non désirées. Les rapports sexuels monnayés avec des hommes plus âgés, l'une des rares sources de revenu qui permettent aux adolescentes de satisfaire leurs besoins essentiels, étaient un choix fréquent de nombreuses filles, même s'ils augmentaient le risque de grossesse (précoce) non désirée. Pourtant, les parents et les membres adultes de la communauté tenaient les filles pour uniques responsables des risques encourus. Ces conclusions ont guidé un projet pilote visant à engager et autonomiser des filles et des garçons comme agents du changement pour influencer de puissantes normes sexuelles qui perpétuent les risques pris par les filles.ResumenEl embarazo en la adolescencia coloca a las niñas en mayor riesgo de tener mala salud y consecuencias educativas que limitan sus opciones de sustento, independencia económica y empoderamiento en la adultez. En Tanzania, el embarazo en la adolescencia continúa siendo una gran preocupación, ya que más de la mitad de todos los primeros nacimientos ocurren antes que las mujeres cumplen 20 años de edad. En un proyecto de investigación-acción participativa (Vitu Newala), se realizó un investigación formativa en un distrito rural sobre la dinámica del riesgo y actividad sexuales entre 82 niñas de 12 a 17 años de edad. Cuatro factores principales de riesgo debilitaron la capacidad de las niñas para proteger su propia salud y bienestar: la pobreza, por la cual se vieron obligadas a tener sexo para cubrir sus necesidades básicas; las expectativas sexuales tanto de niños de su edad como de hombres de edad más avanzada; violación y sexo forzado (incluido el abuso sexual a temprana edad); y el embarazo no intencional. El sexo transaccional con hombres de edad más avanzada era una de las pocas fuentes de ingreso que les permitía a las adolescentes satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, por lo cual era una opción común para muchas niñas a pesar de que aumenta el riesgo de tener embarazos no intencionales (a temprana edad). Sin embargo, los padres e integrantes de la comunidad adulta culpaban solo a las niñas por ponerse en riesgo. Estos hallazgos se utilizaron para informar a un proyecto piloto cuyo objetivo era empoderar a las y los adolescentes como agentes de cambio para influir en importantes normas de género que perpetúan el riesgo de las niñas.
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“low self-esteem and inability to resist sexual temptation [23, 28, 30, 31, 35, 38, 39]”
From Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
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“poverty [19, 23, 26, 28, 31–34, 36, 38, 41, 45]”
From Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Unwanted sexual advances from adult males which often led to coercive sexual relations [19, 28, 31, 35].”
From Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
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“religion and early marriage [28, 39, 40].”
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“Also, unequal gender power relations [19, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 38, 39]”
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“religion and early marriage [28, 39, 40].”
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Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Yakubu, I., & Salisu, W. J. (2018) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0460-4 · Cited by 634
“Individual factors Excessive use of alcohol and substance abuse [19, 31], educational status [26, 32, 37, 42], low self-esteem and inability to resist sexual temptation [23, 28, 30, 31, 35, 38, 39], and curiosity [31, 32, 35].”
BackgroundStoebenau, K., Heise, L., Wamoyi, J., & Bobrova, N. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.023 · Cited by 401
Gunawardena, N., Fantaye, A. W., & Yaya, S. (2019) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001499 · Cited by 97
“30 One study suggested that girls living in poverty engaged in sexual relations with older men in exchange for money in order to meet their basic needs or support their family.(29) Exposure to indecent and sex-based messages in the media was cited as a predictor in two studies.”
BackgroundInfluentialGirls’ Empowerment and Adolescent Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
Nkhoma, D., Lin, C.-P., Katengeza, H. L., Soko, C. J., Estinfort, W., Wang, Y., Juan, S.-H., Jian, W., & Iqbal, U. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051664 · Cited by 85
“Their suggestions were consistent with a study in Tanzania that found transactional sex with older men was one of the few available sources of income that allowed adolescent girls to meet their basic needs, making this a common choice for many girls, even though it increased the risk of unintended pregnancy [60].”
ResultAventin, Á., Gordon, S. L., Laurenzi, C. A., Rabie, S., Tomlinson, M., Lohan, M., Stewart, J., Thurston, A., Lohfeld, L. H., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11306-6 · Cited by 82
“Several studies indicated that not being able to finish school due to pregnancy or HIV was the primary consideration among adolescents, with younger adolescents and those of higher socio-economic status reporting more strongly that they feared the consequences of unprotected sex [37, 40, 43, 49, 56, 57].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- McCleary-Sills, J., Douglas, Z., Rwehumbiza, A., Hamisi, A., & Mabala, R.
- Affiliations
- International Center for Research on Women (US)
- Venue
- Reproductive Health Matters
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 41
- Pages
- 97-105
- ISSN
- 0968-8080 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9576
- OpenAlex
- W2039161495
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Reproductive Health Matters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ViiV Healthcare
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Sex work and related issues
- Keywords
- adolescent pregnancy, gender norms, sexual exploitation, transactional sex, unintended pregnancy, sexual risk, rape, sexual abuse, poverty, gender-based violence, rural Tanzania, youth empowerment, unintended pregnancy prevention, adolescent sexual and reproductive health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence, Sex Work, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Sex Offenses, Socioeconomic Factors, Tanzania, Pregnancy, Unplanned
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