How are Cytokines Activated in Heart Failure?
Abstract
In the dilated and failing heart, elevated LV end-diastolic wall stress causes myocardial expression of cytokines, which directly or indirectly influence LV contractile performance and remodeling [22]. Due to poor diffusion of cytokines into the coronary effluent, the contribution of this myocardial production to the raised plasma levels is probably limited. Raised plasma levels of cytokines in heart failure are therefore more likely the result of extramyocardial production because of altered tissue perfusion and tissue hypoxia possibly modulated by bacterial endotoxin release from the gut.
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Intestinal absorption of endotoxin is a significant stimulus for systemic increases in inflammatory cytokines during heart failure.
“There is evidence that the intestinal absorption of endotoxin is a significant stimulus for systemic increases in inflammatory cytokines during heart failure41,42.”
From Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
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References 22 · Cited by 72
- Authors
- Paulus, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Onze Lieve Vrouwziekenhuis Hospital (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Paulus, Walter J.
- ORCID
- Paulus, Walter J.
- Venue
- European Journal of Heart Failure
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-12-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 309-312
- ISSN
- 1388-9842 (ISSN-L)
- 1879-0844
- OpenAlex
- W2143503196
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Heart Failure (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- cytokines, heart failure, left ventricular remodeling, left ventricular contractility, plasma cytokines, tissue hypoxia, tissue perfusion, bacterial endotoxin
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Heart Failure, Humans, Myocardium, Cytokines, Ventricular Function, Left, Inflammation Mediators
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