The effect of muscle energy technique on hamstring extensibility: The mechanism of altered flexibility
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PIR reduces muscle tension immediately after isometric contraction and minimizes pain sensations related to the muscular system.
“The PIR method, based mainly on neurophysiological inhibitory (relaxing) mechanisms, allows for reduced muscle tension immediately after their isometric contraction and minimizes pain sensations related to the muscular system [15,27].”
From The Application of Manual Techniques in Masticatory Muscles Relaxation as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
The paper’s discussion of MET mechanisms (page unavailable) calls reflex relaxation after isometric contraction poorly supported and cites evidence disputing a neurological mechanism. Its Control Experimental section instead attributes the increased hamstring range of motion to greater tolerance of stretch: the same stretch caused less discomfort, but the study did not show reduced muscle tension or a general reduction in muscular pain. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPIR and MR are highly effective in improving musculoskeletal function, increasing range of motion, alleviating pain, and decreasing muscle stiffness in trunk and limbs.
“The reports indicate that PIR and MR are highly effective in improving the functioning of the musculoskeletal system, increasing the range of motion in the joints, alleviating pain and decreasing muscle stiffness.”
From The Application of Manual Techniques in Masticatory Muscles Relaxation as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
The Results (page unavailable) report increased knee range of motion after muscle energy technique in the hamstrings of asymptomatic subjects. The Conclusion (page unavailable) attributes this to greater stretch tolerance, not a biomechanical change. The paper does not establish that both PIR and MR are highly effective, or that they improve general musculoskeletal function, relieve pain, or decrease muscle stiffness in the trunk and limbs. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReports on trunk and limbs soft-tissue therapy indicate a significant effect of PIR on minimization of pain and increasing range of motion in joints.
“These reports indicate a significant effect of PIR on the minimization of pain and increasing the range of motion in the joints [16,27,32,33,34], accompanied by a decrease in muscle electrical activity [35].”
From The Application of Manual Techniques in Masticatory Muscles Relaxation as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
The Abstract and Results report a significant increase in knee range of motion after muscle energy technique applied to the hamstrings. The participants were asymptomatic, however, and the paper does not report pain reduction or establish an effect across trunk and limb joints. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
A mechanism for altered flexibility in human skeletal muscle.
Magnusson, S. P., Simonsen, E. B., Aagaard, P., Sørensen, H., & Kjaer, M. (1996) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021768 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Greenman P. Principles of Manual Medicine. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: Williams &Wilkins; 1996: 93-98
- Handel M, Horstmann T, Dickhuth HH,Gulch RW. Effects of contract-relax stretching training on muscle performance in athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 1997; 76:400-408
- Wallin D, Ekblom B, Grahn R, Nordenborg T. Improvement in muscle flexibility. A comparison between two techniques. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1985; 13(4): 263-8
- Gribble PA, Guskiewicz KM, Prenctice WE, Shields EW. Effects of static and hold-relax stretching on hamstring range of motion using the FlexAbility LE1000. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 1999;8:195-208
- McHugh MP, Magnusson SP, Gleim GW, Nicholas JA. Viscoelastic stress relaxation in human skeletal muscle. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1992; 24(12): 1375-1382
- Taylor DC, Dalton JD, Seaber AV, Garret W. Viscoelastic properties of muscle-tendon units: The biomechanical effects of stretching. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990; 18(3): 300-309
- Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Aagaard P, Mohr T, Kjaer M. Viscoelastic stress relaxation during static stretch in human skeletal muscle in the absence of EMG activity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 1996: 6; 323-328
- Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Gleim GW, McHugh MP, Kjaer M. Viscoelastic response to repeated static stretching in the human hamstring muscle. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 1995: 5; 342-347
- Magnusson SP, Aagaard P, Simonsen W, Bojsen-Maller F. A Biomechanical Evaluation of Cyclic and Static Stretch in Human Skeletal Muscle. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1998; 19: 310-316
- Gajdosik RL. Effects of Static Stretching on the Maximal Length and Resistance to Passive Stretch of Short Hamstring Muscles. Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 1991; 14(6): 250-255
- Johns RJ, Wright V. Relative importance of various tissues in joint stiffness. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1962; 17: 824-828
- Kuchera WA, Kuchera ML. Osteopathic Principles in Practice. 2 nd ed revised. Kirksville, Missouri: KCOM Press; 1992
- Klinge D, Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Klausen K, Kjaer M. The effect of strength and flexibility training on skeletal muscle electromyographic activity, stiffness, and viscoelastic stress relaxation response. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997; 25(5): 710-716
- McHugh MP, Kremenic IJ, Fox MB, Gleim GW. The role of mechanical and neural restraints to joint range of motion during passive stretch. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998; 30(6): 928- 932
- Osternig LR, Robertson RN, Troxel RK, Hansen P. Differential responses to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretch techniques. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1990; 22(1): 106-111
- Magnusson SP, Aagaard P, Nielson JJ. Passive Energy Return After Repeated Stretches of the Hamstring Muscle-tendon Unit. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2000; 32(6): 1160-1164
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Urbański, P., Trybulec, B., & Pihut, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412970 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The PIR method, based mainly on neurophysiological inhibitory (relaxing) mechanisms, allows for reduced muscle tension immediately after their isometric contraction and minimizes pain sensations related to the muscular system [15,27].”
MethodFryer, G. (2017) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2017.05.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ballantyne, F., Fryer, G., & McLaughlin, P.
- Affiliations
- Victoria University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Fryer, Gary
- Venue
- Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 59-63
- ISSN
- 1443-8461 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080126857
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- vuir.vu.edu.au
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Osteopathic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Keywords
- muscle energy technique, hamstring extensibility, passive knee extension, knee range of motion, muscle flexibility, stretch tolerance, viscoelasticity, passive torque
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