Cited by 262Soil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsSoil erosion and sediment transportSoil and Water Nutrient Dynamics

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The control of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural and natural soils

Skiba, U, Smith, K.A·2000·Chemosphere - Global Change Science

DOI 10.1016/s1465-9972(00)00016-7

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Background
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Background
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“5% of applied N compared with soils at WFPS 75e85% where emissions can be as high as 7% of applied N (Skiba and Smith, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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“These processes are known to be very sensitive to soil moisture and temperature, precipitation, soil type, soil pH, and nitrogen substrate availability [Davidson, 1993; Skiba and Smith, 2000; Smith et al., 1998].”
Background
Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from a maize-cropping black soil in northeast China by a combination of reducing chemical N fertilizer application and applying manure in autumn
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Result
Processes responsible for the nitrous oxide emission from a Costa Rican Andosol under a coffee agroforestry plantation
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BackgroundSelf-citation
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“…dependent on soil conditions such as availability of a mineral N source (substrate for nitrification or denitrification), and on soil temperature, soil water content, and (for denitrification) the availability of labile organic compounds (e.g. Granli and Bøckman, 1994; Skiba and Smith, 2000).”
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Soil-Atmosphere Exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O in Northern Temperate Forests : Effects of Elevated CO2 Concentration, N Deposition and Forest Fire
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“Emissions of N2O, in particular, may change abruptly in response to sudden changes in soil moisture conditions, freeze–thaw cycles or fertilizer application (Skiba & Smith, 2000; Mørkved et al., 2006; Flechard et al., 2007).”
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“204 Model: 205 N2O production in soils is mainly due to two microbial processes: denitrification, the reduction 206 of nitrate (NO3-) to N2O and N2, and nitrification, the oxidation of NH4+ to nitrite (NO2-) and 207 NO3- (Skiba and Smith, 2000).”
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“Journal compilation © 2013 British Society of Soil Science texture is an important determinant of the soil water regime and thus also significantly influences the rate of N2O emissions (Skiba & Smith, 2000; Tan et al., 2009).”
Background
Spatially Disaggregated Inventories of Soil NO and N2O Emissions for Great Britain
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Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Masson Pine Forest Soil in Subtropical Central China
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Nitrous oxide emissions in proportion to nitrification in moist temperate forests
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Nitrogen conversion and nitrous oxide hot spots in energy crop cultivation
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Incorporation and harvest management of hairy vetch-based green manure influence nitrous oxide emissions
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“The results indicate that intensity, frequency and timing of rainfall are key components for determining inter-annual variations in N2O emissions from legume residues that are incorporated into soils (Skiba and Smith, 2000).”
Background
Higher N 2 O emission by intensified crop production in South Asia
Raut, N., Sitaula, B. K., Bakken, L. R., Bajracharya, R. M., & Dörsch, P. (2015) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2015.06.004 · Cited by 12
“Approximately 62% of the atmospheric N2O is from natural and agricultural soils (Skiba and Smith, 2000; Smith et al., 2008).”
Background
Nitrous oxide emissions and yields from potato production systems as influenced by nitrogen fertilization and irrigation: A meta‐analysis
Ball, M., & Hernandez‐Ramirez, G. (2024) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.1002/agj2.21720 · Cited by 12
“As with irrigation prior, a primary reasoning for these trends is that soil water content is a dominant control of soil N 2 O emission rates (Roman-Perez & Hernandez-Ramirez, 2021; Skiba & Smith, 2000).”
Assessing nitrous oxide mitigation efficiency of three nitrification inhibitors with synthetic and organic fertilisers in Eastern Denmark
Tariq, A., Hansen, L. V., Brændholt, A., Jensen, L. S., & Bruun, S. (2024) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2024.103952 · Cited by 10
Spectral tempering to model non-stationary covariance of nitrous oxide emissions from soil using continuous or categorical explanatory variables at a landscape scale
Haskard, K. A., Welham, S. J., & Lark, R. M. (2010) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.08.012 · Cited by 11
Importance of reporting ancillary site characteristics, and management and disturbance information at ICOS stations
Saunders, M., Dengel, S., Kolari, P., Moureaux, C., Montagnani, L., Ceschia, É., Altimir, N., López‐Ballesteros, A., Marañón‐Jiménez, S., Acosta, M., et al. (2018) · International Agrophysics · doi:10.1515/intag-2017-0040 · Cited by 11
Real Time Monitoring of N2 O Emissions from Agricultural Soils using FTIR Spectroscopy
Dubowski, Y., Harush, D., Shaviv, A., Stone, L., & Linker, R. (2014) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2013.09.0390dgs · Cited by 11
The quality of European (EU-15) greenhouse gas inventories from agriculture
Leip, A., Dämmgen, U., Kuikman, P. J., & van Amstel, A. (2005) · Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1080/15693430500393177 · Cited by 11
“Skiba and Smith ( 2000 ) point out that the main cause for deviations of N 2 O fluxes from the predictions with the IPCC model are inadequate accounting of factors affecting levels of soil mineral nitrogen, such as freeze – thaw cycles, but also tillage, and size and timing of rainfall events in relation to land manag…”
Background
Biogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture in Europe - Quantification and Mitigation
Freibauer, A. (2002) · University writing server of the University of Hohenheim (Universität Hohenheim) · Cited by 11
Fungi and Archaea Control Soil N2O Production Potential in Chinese Grasslands Rather Than Bacteria
Zhong, L., Qing, J., Liu, M., Cai, X., Li, G., Li, F. Y., Chen, G., Xu, X., Xue, K., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.844663 · Cited by 10
“However, global N2O budgets remain largely uncertain due to the complicated microbial processes involving N2O flux from soils (Skiba and Smith, 2000).”
Background
Soil Physical Properties and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils
Natalya, P., Elena, Y., Sergey, V., & Balashov, E. V. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/53061 · Cited by 10
Nitrification Inhibitor Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission, Nitrogen Transformation, and Maize ( Zea mays L.) Yield in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand
Pengthamkeerati, P., & Modtad, A. (2016) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2016.1159314 · Cited by 10
Soil biogeochemistry of the capillary fringe in laboratory mesocosms with contrasting soil textures
Fiola, J. C., Rabenhorst, M. C., Scaduto, E., Seitz, C. R., & Rankin, K. M. S. (2020) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.1002/saj2.20076 · Cited by 10
Minimisation of N2O emissions from a plant-soil system under landfill leachate irrigation
Zhang, H., He, P., Shao, L., & Li, Y. (2008) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.005 · Cited by 10
Nitrification Inhibitor, Fertilizer Rate, and Temperature Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission and Nitrogen Transformation in Loamy Sand Soil
Pengthamkeerati, P., & Modtad, A. (2016) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2015.1122795 · Cited by 10
Forest conversion effect on soil nitrogen transformation and nitrous oxide emissions worldwide
Xiao, Z., Yang, S., Wang, X., Meng, L., Zhu, T., Müller, C., & Elrys, A. S. (2025) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117373 · Cited by 9
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound (bVOC) Fluxes Associated With Land-Use Change to Bioenergy Crops
Drewer, J., HOWARD, D. C., & McNamara, N. P. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101036-5.00006-9 · Cited by 9
Characterization of N2O emission and associated bacterial communities from the gut of wood-feeding termite Nasutitermes voeltzkowi
Majeed, M. Z., Miambi, E., Riaz, M. A., & Brauman, A. (2015) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/s12223-015-0379-x · Cited by 9
“Nevertheless, the proportion of N2O liberated by denitrification depends on degree of anaerobiosis and on the nitrogen contents and pH of the milieu (Skiba and Smith 2000).”
Background
A process-based model of N2O emission from a rice-winter wheat rotation agro-ecosystem: Structure, validation and sensitivity
Zhou, Z., Zheng, X., Xie, B., Han, S., & Liu, C. (2009) · Advances in Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00376-009-8191-7 · Cited by 9
“Previous studies have revealed that N2O emission depends on precipitation in addition to N fertilizer ( Skiba and Smith, 2000; Gu et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Dynamics of nitrous oxide emissions from two cropping systems in southwestern France over 5 years: Cross impact analysis of heterogeneous agricultural practices and local climate variability
Tallec, T., Bigaignon, L., Delon, C., Brut, A., Ceschia, É., Mordelet, P., Zawilski, B., Granouillac, F., Claverie, N., Fieuzal, R., et al. (2022) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109093 · Cited by 10
Activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in enriched cultures exposed to 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole dihydrogen phosphate nitrification inhibitor
Rodrigues, J. M., Cruz, C., Tenreiro, R. P., Gouveia, C., & Lasa, B. (2023) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2023.126946 · Cited by 7
Soil nitrous oxide emissions after the introduction of integrated cropping systems in subtropical condition
Pereira, G. S., Angnes, G., Franchini, J. C., Damian, J. M., Cerri, C. E. P., Rocha, C. H., da Silva, R. V., dos Santos, E. L., & Filho, J. T. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107684 · Cited by 7
Impacts of eucalyptus biochar application on greenhouse gas emission from an upland rice–sugarcane cropping system on sandy soil
Butphu, S., & Kaewpradit, W. (2022) · Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1017/s0014479722000254 · Cited by 7
Relationship between nitrapyrin and varying nitrogen application rates with nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen use efficiency in a maize field
Borzouei, A., Karimzadeh, H., Müller, C., Sanz-Cobeña, A., Zaman, M., Kim, D., & Ding, W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23030-1 · Cited by 7
Effect of high labile biochar on N2O emission from upland soils: A decision tree analysis and an incubation experiment
Hyun, J., & Yoo, G. (2023) · Geoderma Regional · doi:10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00669 · Cited by 7
Emisja gazów cieplarnianych a efektywność funkcjonowania polskich gospodarstw specjalizujących się w produkcji roślinnej
Zieliński, M. (2014) · Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego · doi:10.22630/prs.2014.14.3.63 · Cited by 6
Root-derived nitrous oxide emissions from an Upper Midwest agricultural ecosystem
Vleck, H. E. V., King, J. Y., Allan, D. L., & Fabrizzi, K. P. (2017) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-017-9869-3 · Cited by 6
“Due to the necessity of localized anaerobic conditions for denitrification, peak N2O production from denitrification is expected to occur under conditions of 60–80% WFPS (Davidson 1991) or 80–85% WFPS (Skiba and Smith 2000).”
Background
Effect of temporal resolution on N2O emission inventories in Dutch fen meadows
Nol, L., Heuvelink, G. B. M., VRIES, W. D., Kros, J., Moors, E. J., & Verburg, P. H. (2009) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2008gb003378 · Cited by 6
“Finally, interaction between rainfall and temperature was selected as well, because high temperature in combination with rainfall can cause N2O emission peaks [Skiba and Smith, 2000].”
Background
Biomass for transport, heat and electricity: scientific challenges
Dallemand, J.-F., Santi, G. D., Leip, A., Baxter, D. J., Rettenmaier, N., & Ossenbrink, H. A. (2010) · Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal · doi:10.1108/14777831011049142 · Cited by 7
Dinâmica do carbono e fluxo de gases do efeito estufa em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária na Amazônia e no Cerrado
Carvalho, J. L. N. (2010) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.11.2010.tde-19042010-164213 · Cited by 6
UK emissions by sources and removals by sinks due to land use, land use change and forestry activities. Report, June 2005
Milne, R., Mobbs, D. C., Thomson, A. M., Skiba, U., Matthews, R., Broadmeadow, M. S. J., Mackie, E., Wilkinson, M., Benham, S. E., Harris, K., et al. (2005) · Cited by 6
Self-citation
[Key microbial processes in nitrous oxide emissions of agricultural soil and mitigation strategies].
Zhu, Y., Wang, X., Yang, X., Xu, H., & Jia, Y. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Sugarcane Field with Green Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Applications in Okinawa, Japan
MAEDA, T., Sugihara, S., Nishigaki, T., Miyamaru, N., YOSHIDA, K., Yamamoto, A., Toyota, K., & Tanaka, H. (2021) · Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly JARQ · doi:10.6090/jarq.55.17 · Cited by 5
“The present results are consistent with previous findings that the rate of N2O emission increases with elevation in the amount of soil available N (Smith et al. 1997, Skiba & Smith 2000, Sehy et al. 2003).”
Result
Nitrous Oxide Production From Soils in the Future
Zhu‐Barker, X., & Steenwerth, K. L. (2018) · Developments in psychiatry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63865-6.00006-5 · Cited by 6
Spatially Disaggregated Inventories of Soil No and N2O Emissions for Great Britain
Skiba, U., Sozanska, M., Metcalfe, S. E., & Fowler, D. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-9026-1_12 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
FARM FIELDS TO WETLANDS: BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF RE-FLOODING IN COASTAL PLAIN AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Morse, J. (2010) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 5
Influence of Watering Methods on the Short-Term Pulse Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Disturbed Horticultural Soil
Xu, J., Wei, Q., Yang, S., Gao, X., & Lv, Y. (2015) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2015.1089269 · Cited by 4
Impact of the size of nitrogen fertiliser application rate on N2O flux
Šima, T., Nozdrovický, L., Krištof, K., & Krupička, J. (2014) · Research in Agricultural Engineering · doi:10.17221/81/2012-rae · Cited by 4
The Influence of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen on Soil N2O Emission
Nie, W., Pan, X., Cui, H., & Jiang, M. H. (2016) · International journal of environment and resource · doi:10.14355/ijer.2016.05.003 · Cited by 4
Effects of temperature, soil ammonium concentration and fertilizer on activity and community structure of ammonia oxidizers
Avrahami, S. (2003) · Publikationsserver (Universitat Marburg) · doi:10.17192/z2003.0083 · Cited by 4
Effect of Broccoli Residue and Wheat Straw Addition on Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Silt Loam Soil
Budhathoki, R., Panday, D., Seiz, P., Ruser, R., & Müller, T. (2021) · Nitrogen · doi:10.3390/nitrogen2010007 · Cited by 3
“soil microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification, leading to N2O emissions as their intermediate product [9].”
Background
Precision micro-sprinkling fertigation enhances wheat yield and reduces reactive nitrogen losses under varying soil fertility
Ma, Z., Shi, Y., Yu, Z., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110233 · Cited by 3
Soil nitrous oxide emissions most sensitive to fertilization history during a laboratory incubation
Giweta, M., Dyck, M. F., Malhi, S. S., Puurveen, D., & Quideau, S. A. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1139/cjss-2020-0034 · Cited by 3
“Previous investigations have shown that the long-term soil N balance, determined by the sum of historical N inputs (fertilizers, crop residues, and biologically fixed N) and losses (harvest removals, leaching, and gaseous emissions), is a significant factor affecting soil N2O emissions in response to contemporary fert…”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Skiba, U., & Smith, K. A.
Affiliations: University of Edinburgh (GB)
Corresponding author: Skiba, U
ORCID: Skiba, U
Venue: Chemosphere - Global Change Science
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-07
Volume: 2
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 379-386
ISSN: 1465-9972 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s1465-9972(00)00016-7
OpenAlex: W2047030842
Cited by: 262
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 12.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Chemosphere - Global Change Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
Keywords: nitrous oxide emissions, soil N2O, agricultural soils, natural soils, nitrogen inputs, soil mineral nitrogen, soil moisture, soil temperature, IPCC emission factors, freeze-thaw cycles, ploughing, biomass burning, rainfall events, land management

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