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The COVID-19 infodemic
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“The diffusion of misinformation conveyed through rapidly disseminated channels such as mass media and social networks, can generate the phenomenon known as infodemic (57).”
From ChatGPT and the rise of large language models: the new AI-driven infodemic threat in public health (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
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Ikwuegbuenyi, C. A., Umutoni, A., Ngwene, N. N. A., Ngoma, P., Nyalundja, A. D., Nteranya, D. S., Olobatoke, T., Ogunfolaji, O. E., Sichimba, D., Najjuma, J., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264955 · Cited by 20
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Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde na pandemia de Covid-19: scoping review
Méllo, L. M. B. D. D. E., dos Santos, R. C., & de Albuquerque, P. C. (2022) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-11042022e125 · Cited by 26
Barbazza, E. S., Ivanković, D., Davtyan, K. V., Poldrugovac, M., Yelgezekova, Z., Willmington, C., Meza-Torres, B., Bos, V. L. L. C., Fernandes, Ó. B., Rotar, A. M., et al. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221121154 · Cited by 21
“They also serve to flag imminent areas for improvement and to spot new challenges like potentially harmful misinformation.(72) Running dashboards in the longer term will likely include further expanding their policy, public health and clinical use into areas such as resilience and recovery plans,(73) late complication…”
BackgroundZheng, X., Qian, M., Ye, X., Zhang, M., Zhan, C., Li, H., & Luo, T. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16537 · Cited by 18
“The Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) checklist (Appendix S1) was used to report the process and results of synthesis, and enhance transparency (Tong et al., 2012).”
MethodChen, X., Lin, F., & Cheng, E. W. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/31088 · Cited by 19
Dahlgren, A., Semakula, D., Chesire, F., Mugisha, M., Nakyejwe, E., Nsangi, A., Nyirazinyoye, L., Ochieng, M., Oxman, A. D., Ssenyonga, R., et al. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.132052.1 · Cited by 16
Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02791-y · Cited by 16
“However, a significant fraction of the global population is reluctant to take a coronavirus vaccine due to various reasons such as mistrust of healthcare providers and anti-vaccination infodemic on social media (Diseases, 2020; Palamenghi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDo you have depression? A summative content analysis of mental health-related content on TikTok
Turuba, R., Zenone, M. A., Srivastava, R., Stea, J. N., Quintana, Y., Ow, N., Marchand, K., Kwan, A., Ong, A.-J., Ding, X., et al. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241297062 · Cited by 20
Raffee, L. A., Daradkeh, H., Alawneh, K. Z., Al-Fwadleh, A. I., Darweesh, M., Hammad, N., & Almasarweh, S. A. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053028 · Cited by 16
Clinical research on COVID-19: perceptions and barriers to participation in The Gambia
Diallo, B. A., Usuf, E. A., Ceesay, O., D’Alessandro, U., Roca, A., & Martínez-Álvarez, M. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007533 · Cited by 15
Mahato, P. K., Adhikari, B., Marahatta, S. B., Bhusal, S., Kunwar, K., Yadav, R. K., Baral, S., Adhikari, A., & van Teijlingen, E. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000564 · Cited by 16
Skirrow, H., Lewis, C., Haque, H., Choundary-Salter, L., Foley, K., Whittaker, E., Costelloe, C., Bedford, H. E., & Saxena, S. K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306484 · Cited by 19
Golinelli, D., Nuzzolese, A. G., Sanmarchi, F., Bulla, L., Mongiovı̀, M., Aldo Gangemi, A., & Rucci, P. (2022) · Information · doi:10.3390/info13030117 · Cited by 15
Fake news et théories du complot en période(s) pandémique(s)
Giry, J. (2022) · Quaderni · doi:10.4000/quaderni.2303 · Cited by 22
Singer, P. W., & Johnson, E. O. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04586-8_14 · Cited by 16
Ferrara, M., Bertozzi, G., Volonnino, G., Fazio, A. D., Fazio, N. D., Arcangeli, M., Russa, R. L., & Frati, P. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11030630 · Cited by 14
Leadership and Crisis Communication During Covid-19: The Case of Brunei Darussalam
Pang, L. L. (2021) · Policy & Governance Review · doi:10.30589/pgr.v5i2.388 · Cited by 15
Cosimo, S. D., Susca, N., Apolone, G., Silvestris, N., & Racanelli, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.961380 · Cited by 17
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The Need for Systems Approaches for Precision Communications in Public Health
Lee, B. Y., Greene, D., Scannell, S. A., McLaughlin, C., Martinez, M. F., Heneghan, J. L., Chin, K. L., Zheng, X., Li, R., Lindenfeld, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2023.2220668 · Cited by 16
“For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, claims that COVID-19 vaccines install microchips in people’s bodies, cause people to become magnetic, alter people’s genes, result in many people dropping dead suddenly, and even turn humans into non-human creatures seemingly appeared every few weeks (Diseases, 2020; Lee, 202…”
BackgroundTakamatsu, A., Honda, H., Miwa, T., Tabuchi, T., Taniguchi, K., Shibuya, K., & Tokuda, Y. (2023) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.07.022 · Cited by 13
Catch the tweet to fight the flu: Using Twitter to promote flu shots on a college campus
Osborne, M., Kenah, E., Lancaster, K. E., & Tien, J. H. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1973480 · Cited by 10
Beatty, K., Hamilton, V., & Kavanagh, P. M. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.019 · Cited by 14
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Impact of risk communication on patient’s safety during the pandemic
Zuluaga-Arias, H.-P., Alkhakany, M., Younus, M. M., Sefiani, H., Caro-Rojas, A., Alzubiedi, S., Albalawi, W. F., & Alshammari, T. M. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/20420986231159752 · Cited by 10
Plohl, N., & Musil, B. (2023) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2023.2279395 · Cited by 13
Using Open Source, Open Data, and Civic Technology to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic and Infodemic
Kobayashi, S., Falcón, L., Fraser, H., Braa, J. A., Amarakoon, P., Marcelo, A., & Paton, C. (2021) · Yearbook of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1726488 · Cited by 12
Morozov, N. G., Dror, A. A., Daoud, A., Eisenbach, N., Kaykov, E., Barhoum, M., Sheleg, T., Sela, E., & Edelstein, M. L. (2022) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2112879 · Cited by 13
Perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study with South African adults
Silubonde, T. M., Knight, L., Norris, S. A., van Heerden, A. C., Goldstein, S., & Draper, C. E. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15450-z · Cited by 14
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Huang, Q., & Wei, L. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102989 · Cited by 12
“According to the knowledge gap hypothesis, individuals with higher educational attainment are overall more competent at using information and communication technologies to obtain knowledge than those with less educational attainment (Hwang & Jeong, 2009; Tichenor et al., 1970).”
Gallant, A. J., Harding, A., Johnson, C., Steenbeek, A., & Curran, J. (2023) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-22-00112 · Cited by 14
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“34 In our research, we understand infodemic 35 as a form of a social dynamic where narratives and moods in social media related to COVID-19 emerge, are communicated, and spread, generally creating confusion and disorder.”
BackgroundLearning interventions and training methods in health emergencies: A scoping review
Utunen, H., Balaciano, G., Arabi, E., Tokar, A., Bhatiasevi, A., & Noyes, J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290208 · Cited by 17
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Covid-19 Riskscapes: Viral Risk Perceptions in the African Great Lakes
Storer, E., Dawson, K., & Fergus, C. A. (2022) · Medical Anthropology · doi:10.1080/01459740.2022.2047675 · Cited by 12
(Des)infodemia: lecciones de la crisis de la covid-19
Quian, A. (2023) · Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información · doi:10.35742/rcci.2023.28.e274 · Cited by 12
Liberals are Believers: Young People Assign Trust to Social Media for COVID-19 Information
L’Engle, K. L., Burns, J. R., Basuki, A., Couture, M.-C., & Regan, A. K. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2164959 · Cited by 13
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“The COVID-19 information environment has witnessed rapid and widespread dissemination of misinformation [76] and conspiracy theories [77] as well as politicization of healthprotective behaviors such as mask-wearing [78,79].”
BackgroundCombating contamination and contagion: Embodied and environmental metaphors of misinformation
Eadon, Y. M., & Wood, S. (2024) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565241255347 · Cited by 16
“The WHO ’ s director-general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, has been quoted as saying ‘ We ’ re not just fi ghting with a pandemic; we ’ re fi ghting an infodemic ’ (The Lancet Infections Diseases, 2020).”
An agenda for science communication research and practice
Druckman, J. N., Ellenbogen, K. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Yanovitzky, I. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2400932122 · Cited by 21
Quality of the discussion of asthma on twitter
Kaul, V., Szakmány, T., Peters, J. I., Stukus, D. R., Sala, K., Dangayach, N. S., Simpson, S. Q., & Carroll, C. L. (2020) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770903.2020.1847933 · Cited by 11
Estratégias adotadas na América do Sul para a gestão da infodemia da COVID-19
Haraki, C. A. C. (2021) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2021.43 · Cited by 16
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“(The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2020) The World Health Organization has stated that many health structures are not only fighting against an epidemic, but also massive waves of information that often causes undesired consequences.”
Kowalski, E., Stengel, A., Schneider, A., Goebel‐Stengel, M., Zipfel, S., & Graf, J. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10030455 · Cited by 11
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“The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need to integrate insights and approaches from epidemiology, social sciences, geography, and network sciences to deepen our understanding of the interplay between social, mobility and contact networks [23–25].”
Policy entrepreneurs and individuals: Influence and behavior in pandemic response
Taylor, K. N., DeLeo, R. A., Albright, E. A., Shanahan, E. A., Li, M., Koebele, E. A., Anderson, D., & Birkland, T. A. (2023) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13629 · Cited by 10
“…Bearth (2021) TheCOVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by a so-called “ infodemic, ” a term used to characterize the overa-bundance disease-related information disseminated through traditional channels, like news and non-traditional channels, namely social media (The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2020).”
Kirmayer, L. J. (2024) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615241296301 · Cited by 18
Are the conditions met to make COVID-19 vaccination mandatory for healthcare professionals?
Gagneux‐Brunon, A., Botelho-Nevers, É., & Launay, O. (2021) · Infectious Diseases Now · doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2021.06.301 · Cited by 10
COVID-19 and Historic Influenza Vaccinations in the United States: A Comparative Analysis
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Evaluating the elevation of authoritative health content online during the COVID-19 pandemic
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CovidBChain: Framework for access‐control, authentication, and integrity of Covid‐19 data
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İnternet Ortamında ve Sosyal Medyada Doğru ve Güvenilir Sağlık Bilgisi Edinebilme
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Social capital and geographical variation in the incidence of COVID-19: an ecological study
Saville, C. W. N., & Thomas, D. R. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2021-217360 · Cited by 11
Leigh, J. P., Moss, S. J., MacDonald, J., Cherak, M. S., Stelfox, H. T., Dubé, È., Fiest, K. M., Halperin, B. A., Ahmed, S. B., MacDonald, S. E., et al. (2025) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2448052 · Cited by 12
“Rampant communication of fake news, inaccurate information, and conspiracy theories undermined public trust in science and health institutions, 26 thereby limiting one’s understanding of the evidence and placing a real psychological and emotional burden on individuals wading through information.”
Mejia, C. R., Ruiz-Aquino, M., Garcia-Arteta, G., Ramos, G., Astete-Pérez, I., Pineda-Cáceres, M., Collahua-Briceño, M., Vargas-Patiño, K., Arias-Chávez, D., Franchi, T., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22299 · Cited by 15
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“Importantly, accompanying the infodemic is a dilution of information and reputable sources, leading to a disintegration of certainty in both, and thereby leading to “erosion of public trust and a sense of helplessness, the perfect conditions for the spread of harmful misinformation that begins a vicious circle” (The L…”
BackgroundFacilitators and Barriers to Vaccination Uptake in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Systematic ReviewPreprint
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Investigating Beliefs in Anti-Vax Conspiracy Theories among Medical Students
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Exploring the role of political elites in post-truth communication on social media
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Validating a German Version of the Conspiracy Mentality Scale (CMS)
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“…research interest on the rise since the Covid-19 pandemic (Bruns et al., 2020; Douglas, 2021; Jamison et al., 2020; Stein et al., 2021; Stojanov et al., 2021; The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2020), the need for a valid measure of the general tendency to believe in conspiracy theories is apparent.”
BackgroundInfodemic, Ignorance, or Imagination? The Problem of Misinformation in Health Emergencies
Kirk, J. (2024) · International Political Sociology · doi:10.1093/ips/olae036 · Cited by 7
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“We want to do more, but…”: New Jersey public library approaches to misinformation
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Continuing chronic care services during a pandemic: results of a mixed-method study
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“…as false or inaccurate information which is produced and/or disseminated without the intention to deceive (Wardle and Derakhshan 2017)—became rampant on social media and personal messaging platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting the WHO to declare an “infodemic” (The Lancet 2020).”
Dan, S., Jin, W.-Y., Li, F., Zeng, Y., Xie, R.-L., Yang, C.-L., Zeng, Q.-J., Chen, Y., Wang, H.-W., Linehan, C., et al. (2025) · Med Research · doi:10.1002/mdr2.70013 · Cited by 7
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“The editors of The Lancet (2020) referred to an ‘infodemic’.”
BackgroundLappeman, J., Munyai, K., & Kagina, B. M. N. (2021) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.52061.1 · Cited by 7
LaPoe, B. R., Olson, C. S. C., LaPoe, V. L., Jain, P., Woellert, A., & Long, A. (2021) · Electronic News · doi:10.1177/19312431211057488 · Cited by 8
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Emotion-Drive Interpretable Fake News Detection
Ge, X., Zhang, M., Wang, X. A., Liu, J., & Wei, B. (2022) · International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining · doi:10.4018/ijdwm.314585 · Cited by 8
COVID-19 vaccine skeptics are persuaded by pro-vaccine expert consensus messaging.
Białek, M., Meyers, E. A., Arriaga, P., Harateh, D., & Urbanek, A. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000467 · Cited by 16
Zhu, Y., Fitzpatrick, M. A., & Bowen, S. A. (2023) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2023.2219239 · Cited by 8
“…health expertise were thus either reinforced or sidelined by political interests and a great deal of misinformation led the Director General of the World Health Organization to declare we were fighting not only a disease pandemic but also a parallel “infodemic” of misinformation (McConnel, 2020).”
BackgroundMicco, F. D., Palma, G. D., Giacomobono, F., Benedictis, A. D., Cingolani, M., Tambone, V., Tomassini, L., & Scendoni, R. (2025) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2025-1153 · Cited by 8
Arzilli, G., Forni, S., Righi, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2023.04.016 · Cited by 6
Lee, J. H., Meek, L. A., & Katumusiime, J. (2023) · African Studies Review · doi:10.1017/asr.2023.69 · Cited by 6
“We contend that labels such as “ fake news, ” “ misinformation, ” “ infodemic, ” and “ conspiracy theories ” ( The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2020) perpetuate colonial violence by removing certain questions from consideration while imposing irrationality on those who are said to articulate them…”
Jember, M. Z., Jemere, A. T., Gashu, K. D., et al. (2024) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2024/9947720 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Diseases, T. L. I.
- Corresponding author
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases
- Venue
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 875
- ISSN
- 1473-3099 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7367666
- OpenAlex
- W4205924832
- Cited by
- 421
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, infodemic, misinformation, fake news, conspiracy theories, social media, trust in health institutions, infodemiology, World Health Organization
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Communication, Health Policy, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Publishing, Journalism, Medical, Coronavirus Infections, Information Dissemination, Pandemics, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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