Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors
Open accessAbstract
Despite mortality due to communicable diseases, poverty, and human conflicts, dementia incidence is destined to increase in the developing world in tandem with the ageing population. Current data from developing countries suggest that age-adjusted dementia prevalence estimates in 65 year olds are high (>or=5%) in certain Asian and Latin American countries, but consistently low (1-3%) in India and sub-Saharan Africa; Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60% whereas vascular dementia accounts for approximately 30% of the prevalence. Early-onset familial forms of dementia with single-gene defects occur in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Illiteracy remains a risk factor for dementia. The APOE epsilon4 allele does not influence dementia progression in sub-Saharan Africans. Vascular factors, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes, are likely to increase the burden of dementia. Use of traditional diets and medicinal plant extracts might aid prevention and treatment. Dementia costs in developing countries are estimated to be US$73 billion yearly, but care demands social protection, which seems scarce in these regions.
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A recent study reported VaD prevalence in developing countries ranging from 0.6% to 2.1%.
“A recent study reporting on the prevalence of VaD in developing countries reported a range of 0.6% to 2.1%.3,33”
In certain ethnic groups, the apoE ε4 allele seems to have either a weaker effect or no clear effect on AD.
“However, in certain ethnic groups, the apoE ε4 allele seems to have either a weaker effect or no clear effect on AD (Farrer et al., 1997; Kalaria et al., 2008; Mayeux, 2003; Tang et al., 1998).”
From The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease (2009) · cites this paper as Kalaria et al., 2008
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References 229 · Cited by 1,233
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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- Authors
- Kalaria, R. N., Maestre, G. E., Arizaga, R., Friedland, R. P., Galasko, D., Hall, K., Luchsinger, J. A., Ogunniyi, A., Perry, E. K., Potocnik, F., Prince, M., Stewart, R., Wimo, A., Zhang, Z.-X., & Antuono, P.
- Affiliations
- Universidad del Zulia (VE)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- University College Hospital, Ibadan (NG)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- King's College London (GB)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 812-826
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2860610
- OpenAlex
- W2018317802
- Cited by
- 1,233
- References
- 229
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2008-10-01)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ScholarWorks @ UTRGV (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (080002)
- National Institute on Aging (P50AG008012, R01AG009956)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia prevalence, dementia risk factors, dementia management, illiteracy, APOE ε4, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, traditional diet, medicinal plant extracts, dementia costs, social protection, population aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Developing Countries, Humans, Population Dynamics, Risk Factors, Dementia, Vascular, Comorbidity, Incidence, Prevalence, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Apolipoprotein E4
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