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Continued versus discontinued cannabis use in patients with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Background Although the link between cannabis use and development of psychosis is well established, less is known about the effect of continued versus discontinued cannabis use after the onset of psychosis. We aimed to summarise available evidence focusing on the relationship between continued and discontinued cannabis use after onset of psychosis and its relapse. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE for articles published in any language from the database inception date up until April 21, 2015 that included a sample of patients with a pre-existing psychotic disorder with a follow-up duration of at least 6 months. We used a combination of search terms for describing cannabis, the outcome of interest (relapse of psychosis), and the study population. We excluded studies if continued cannabis use or discontinued cannabis use could not be established. We compared relapse outcomes between those who continued (CC) or discontinued (DC) cannabis use or were non-users (NC). We used summary data (individual patient data were not sought out) to estimate Cohen's d, which was entered into random effects models (REM) to compare CC with NC, CC with DC, and DC with NC. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were used to address the issue of heterogeneity. Findings Of 1903 citations identified, 24 studies (16 565 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Independent of the stage of illness, continued cannabis users had a greater increase in relapse of psychosis than did both non-users (dCC-NC=0·36, 95% CI 0·22-0·50, p<0·0001) and discontinued users (dCC-DC=0·28, 0·12-0·44, p=0·0005), as well as longer hospital admissions than non-users (dCC-NC=0·36, 0·13 to 0·58, p=0·02). By contrast, cannabis discontinuation was not associated with relapse (dDC-NC=0·02, -0·12 to 0·15; p=0·82). Meta-regression suggested greater effects of continued cannabis use than discontinued use on relapse (dCC-NC=0·36 vs dDC-NC=0·02, p=0·04), positive symptoms (dCC-NC=0·15 vs dDC-NC=-0·30, p=0·05) and level of functioning (dCC-NC=0·04 vs dDC-NC=-0·49, p=0·008) but not on negative symptoms (dCC-NC=-0·09 vs dDC-NC=-0·31, p=0·41). Interpretation Continued cannabis use after onset of psychosis predicts adverse outcome, including higher relapse rates, longer hospital admissions, and more severe positive symptoms than for individuals who discontinue cannabis use and those who are non-users. These findings point to reductions in cannabis use as a crucial interventional target to improve outcome in patients with psychosis. Funding UK National Institute of Health Research.
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“A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies [54] found that continued cannabis use in people with psychosis is associated with an increased risk of relapse to psychosis and with longer hospital stays than in non-users [55].”
From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies [54] found that continued cannabis use in people with psychosis is associated with an increased risk of relapse to psychosis and with longer hospital stays than in non-users [55].”
From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
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Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20735 · Cited by 255
Solmi, M., Toffol, M. D., Kim, J. Y., Choi, M., Stubbs, B., Thompson, T., Firth, J., Miola, A., Croatto, G., Baggio, F., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072348 · Cited by 322
“85 In other words, use of cannabis when no psychotic disorder has already occurred increases the risk of its onset, and using cannabis after its onset, worsens clinical outcomes.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schoeler, T., Monk, A., Sami, M. B., Klamerus, E., Foglia, E., Brown, R., Camuri, G., Altamura, A. C., Murray, R., & Bhattacharyya, S.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Bhattacharyya, Sagnik
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-225
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2257957527
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0512-10110, NIHR-CS-011-001, RP-PG-0606-1049)
- Medical Research Council (MR/J012149/1, MR/K013807/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- cannabis use, psychosis, relapse, hospitalization, positive symptoms, functioning, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, cannabis harm reduction, relapse prevention
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Marijuana Smoking, Psychotic Disorders, Recurrence
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