The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Specific phobias
Open accessAbstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental disorders, but the subcategory of specific phobias has not been well studied. Phobias involve both fear and avoidance. For people who have specific phobias, avoidance can reduce the constancy and severity of distress and impairment. However, these phobias are important because of their early onset and strong persistence over time. Studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of specific phobias around the world ranges from 3% to 15%, with fears and phobias concerning heights and animals being the most common. The developmental course of phobias, which progress from fear to avoidance and then to diagnosis, suggests the possibility that interrupting the course of phobias could reduce their prevalence. Although specific phobias often begin in childhood, their incidence peaks during midlife and old age. Phobias persist for several years or even decades in 10-30% of cases, and are strongly predictive of onset of other anxiety, mood, and substance-use disorders. Their high comorbidity with other mental disorders, especially after onset of the phobia, suggests that early treatment of phobias could also alter the risk of other disorders. Exposure therapy remains the treatment of choice, although this approach might be less effective in the long term than previously believed. This Review discusses the literature regarding the prevalence, incidence, course, risk factors, and treatment of specific phobias, and presents epidemiological data from several population-based surveys.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Arachnophobia is a common source of anxiety within the general population [6].”
From Virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of spiders: an open trial and feasibility study of a new treatment for arachnophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Over time, these mechanisms cause a reduction or avoidance of health care services including preventive measures (9, 29, 31).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“BII phobia is a unique entity featuring intense fear and frequently fainting at the sight or anticipation of blood, physical injury that could lead to blood loss, or injection (9, 28, 29).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis demonstrated a 41% heritability for blood-related fear and 33% for BII phobia, making it the most heritable specific phobia (9, 48).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“However, in the case of phobia relating to blood, injury, and injection (BII), studies identified a distinct pathophysiological mechanism (9, 21–28)”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review
Sivertsen, H., Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., & Helvik, A.-S. (2015) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000437299 · Cited by 14,152
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic catchment area study
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5931 · Cited by 2,561
Lifetime Prevalence of Specific Psychiatric Disorders in Three Sites
Robins, L. N. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790210031005 · Cited by 2,550
Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.929 · Cited by 1,868
The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators, Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x · Cited by 1,825
Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction
Bouton, M. E. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01546-9 · Cited by 1,662
Psychiatric disorders in America
Robins, L. N. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,567
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 203
COŞKUN, H. H., & MAMACI, M. (2021) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.962907 · Cited by 3
Siegel, P., & Peterson, B. S. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14037 · Cited by 2
Anwar, A. I., Panna, S. S., Katili, D. I., Irwan, I., & Julianto, E. (2024) · Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada · doi:10.1590/pboci.2024.076 · Cited by 2
A Gamified Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Individuals with Arachnophobia: A Pilot Study
Lopes, I. S., de Almeida, R. S., Gomes, P. V., & Marques, A. J. (2025) · Virtual Worlds · doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4020015 · Cited by 3
Wallace, R., Lacey, C. J., & Sargisson, R. J. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102056 · Cited by 3
Hildebrand, A. S., Grensing, F., Schmücker, V., Roesmann, K., Planert, J., Maleshkova, M., & Klucken, T. (2025) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-025-01272-4 · Cited by 3
“An example of a common specific phobia is the fear of animals (e.g., spiders), which affects a propor - tion of up to 26% of individuals with specific phobias (Eaton et al. 2018).”
AZ BİLİNEN BİR ÖZGÜL FOBİ ‘OFIDIYOFOBI’: BİR OLGU SUNUMU
Koç, A. E., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2023) · Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.34108/eujhs.1107046 · Cited by 2
Barreiros, R. M. (2024) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v13i5.45622 · Cited by 2
“…such as generalized anxiety, panic attacks, fear of open spaces (agoraphobia), excessive fear in social interactions (social phobia) and occasional fears or specific phobias, tend to be more common in adults compared to other types of psychological problems (Eaton et al., 2008; Eaton et al., 2018).”
BackgroundUsability and Affects Study of a Virtual Reality System Toward Scorpion Phobia Exposure Therapy
Gutiérrez-Sánchez, M. D. J., González-Islas, J., Huerta-Ortiz, L.-M., Franco-Árcega, A., Vázquez-Vázquez, V., & Suárez-Navarrete, A. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142210569 · Cited by 2
Ebrahimi, A., Akbarzadeh, F., Asgharipour, N., Salehabadi, R., & Arjamandi, M. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02378-9 · Cited by 2
“In the core of specific phobia, unrealistic beliefs about threat and danger are common to all fears, so that the cognitive behavioral models of specific phobias show that beliefs about threat by avoiding the fearful situation is a recurring process in affected patients [5, 6].”
Antisaccade performance in spider phobia and its association with multimodal correlates of fear
Breuer, F., Hildebrand, A. S., Finke, J. B., Bucher, L., Dannlowski, U., Klucken, T., Roesmann, K., & Leehr, E. J. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103078 · Cited by 2
Social Disability and Impairment in Childhood Anxiety
John-Mora, L., Ross, A. M., & Muroff, J. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14080-8_30 · Cited by 2
Torales, J. C., Alviso, A. I., Ríos-González, C. M., O’Higgins, M. G., Navarro, R. E., Ayala-Servín, N., Almirón‐Santacruz, J., Aquino-Arrúa, A., Balbuena-Monges, H., Guerra-Aquino, F., et al. (2021) · Revista del Nacional (Itaguá) · doi:10.18004/rdn2021.dic.02.018.028 · Cited by 2
Tratamiento de un caso de fobia a las arañas mediante exposición multimedia y progresiva
Ruiz‐García, A. (2021) · Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1344/anpsic2021.51/2.30971 · Cited by 2
“INTRODUCCIÓN Las fobias específicas son los trastornos de ansiedad más comunes, presentan una prevalencia vital es-timada de un 3% a un 15%, mostrando un curso crónico con bajas tasas de remisión espontánea (Eaton et al., 2018).”
BackgroundIsfahani, M., Yousefichaijan, P., Sarmadian, R., Salehi, B., & Habibi, D. (2022) · African Journal of Urology · doi:10.1186/s12301-022-00322-6 · Cited by 2
Zimmer, A., Wang, N., Ibach, M., Fehlmann, B., Schicktanz, N. S., Bentz, D., Michael, T., Papassotiropoulos, A., & de Quervain, D. J. ‐. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/cjrgk · Cited by 2
Adults with Animal Phobia: Systematic Replication of Clinical Cases
Ruiz‐García, A., & Aguayo, L. V. (2022) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2022.20 · Cited by 1
Conquer Fear of Heights Using Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy With Cognitive Restructuring
Faizah, M., Ramdhani, N., & Utami, M. S. (2024) · Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) · doi:10.22146/gamajpp.89156 · Cited by 1
Gray, K. M., Apanasionok, M. M., Scripps, E., Bunning, K., Burke, C., Filipczuk, M., Hastings, R. P., Liew, A., McNamara, R. L., Nisar, A., et al. (2024) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/lrwd7852 · Cited by 1
Wang, J.-N., Yu, D., Li, Z., Kong, L., Li, N.-H., Wu, Y., Wang, T., Wang, X., & Li, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06794-4 · Cited by 1
Psychopathy: what are fearless people afraid of?
Coelho, C. M., Araújo, A. S., Suttiwan, P., Barbosa, F., Bento, T., & Zsido, A. N. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1574813 · Cited by 1
Brainwide Analysis of Functional Connectivity Patterns in Specific Phobia and Its Treatment
Muehlhan, M., Schäfer, J., Hilbert, K., Seidl, E., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100562 · Cited by 1
Martins, S., Vairinhos, M., Soares, S. C., Félix, A. L. S., Araújo, C. A., & Diniz, F. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97763-3_16 · Cited by 1
One-session treatment for trypophobia: a controlled multiple baseline trial.
Hain, S., Oar, E., Mruk, A., & Stevenson, R. (2026) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2026.2723119
Brain-Connectivity Analysis to Differentiate Phasmophobic and Non-phasmophobic: An EEG Study
Karmakar, S., Dewan, D., Ghosh, L., Chowdhury, A., Konar, A., & Nagar, A. K. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80432-9_9 · Cited by 1
A relação entre fobias específicas com ansiedade, impulsividade e depressão
Vasconcellos, S. J. L., Cas, A. R. D., Ferreira, S. M., Schneider, J. T., Vedoin, C. B., & Barbosa, T. P. (2023) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2023.1.37366 · Cited by 1
Mosque architecture technology as a design strategy of communication with western societies
Jaleel, A., & Sultan, B. M. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0150014 · Cited by 1
Sugai, K., Shikuma, J., Hiroike, S., Abe, H., & Suzuki, R. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.14061 · Cited by 1
“In the fi eld of psychiatry, exposure therapy is an effective treatment for speci fi c phobias 7 .”
BackgroundVirtual Reality as a Tool in the Treatment of Claustrophobia - A Review
Iparraguirre-Villanueva, O., Perez-Benito, C., & Cabanillas-Carbonell, M. (2023) · International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology · doi:10.14445/22315381/ijett-v71i8p225 · Cited by 1
Cara Tangani Al-Khauf (Fobia) Berdasarkan Al-Quran
Jalil, S. J. A. (2024) · Islamiyyat · doi:10.17576/islamiyyat-2024-4601-12 · Cited by 1
Brennan, J., Jarrett, M. A., & Davis, T. E. (2024) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60746-2_5 · Cited by 1
Perceptual Decision-Making Regarding Phylogenetically Salient Stimuli
Ozturk, S., Sussman, T. J., Jin, J., Serody, M. R., Imbriano, G., & Mohanty, A. (2024) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-024-00271-z · Cited by 1
“A particularly common example of such stimuli are spiders which are strongly disliked by more than a third of children (Muris et al., 1997) and adults (Eaton et al., 2018; Matchett & Davey, 1991) and the object of the most reported specific phobia (Fredrikson et al., 1996; Nesse, 1990).”
Snake phobia among the general population of Tamil Nadu, India
Salim, A., Chandrasekharuni, G., Almeida, J. R., Vaiyapuri, R., Williams, H. F., Arumugam, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Patel, K., Williams, T., Zsido, A. N., et al. (2024) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012284 · Cited by 1
“Specific phobia is a major subtype that is restricted to highly specific situations, for example, an extreme irrational fear of specific animals [9,10].”
InfluentialAn Augmented Reality Mobile Application for Phobia Treatment
Bhama, P. R. K. S., Keerthana, V. S., Swasthi, B., Ancheri, K. B., & Jayanthi, P. (2024) · Proceedings in adaptation, learning and optimization · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71391-0_12 · Cited by 1
Dobos, B. (2019) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/0406.20.2019.008 · Cited by 1
Raising insects with an application to enhance students’ self-confidence in interacting with insects
Hong, J., Hwang, M., Tai, K., & Ye, J. (2019) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1687524 · Cited by 1
Chouinard, P. A., & Stewart, R. M. (2020) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-020-05869-w · Cited by 2
The Use of Gamification in Social Phobia
Simões-Silva, V., Maravalhas, V., Cunha, A. R., Soares, M. I., & Marques, A. J. (2020) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7472-0.ch009 · Cited by 1
Review on Anxiety Disorders During Covid-19 Pandemic:
Gilla, D., Ahammed, J., Akhila, A. L., & Sreelakshmy, S. R. (2021) · International Journal of High Dilution Research · doi:10.51910/ijhdr.v20i2-3.1066 · Cited by 1
Manuscript Instrument for Fear of Driving (IFD)Preprint
Fischer, C. S., Schröder, A., Taylor, J. E., & Heider, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rgp2j · Cited by 1
Kiss, B. L., Birkás, B., Zilahi, L., & Zsido, A. N. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4157131 · Cited by 1
Assessing the prevalence of snake phobia among the general population in IndiaPreprint
Salim, A., Chandrasekharuni, G., Almeida, J. R., Vaiyapuri, R., Williams, H. F., Arumugam, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Patel, K., Williams, T., Zsido, A. N., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.24308826 · Cited by 1
Virtual Reality as an Alternative Therapy for Acrophobics
Lionel, E. M., Gozali, I. D., Syakirah, A. N., & Budiharto, W. (2020) · International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) · doi:10.1109/icimtech50083.2020.9211189
“Moreover, height phobia, or known as Acrophobia, is one of the most persistent phobias, with persistence at one year of 20% and at 10 years of 38% [3].”
BackgroundSpecific Phobias in Children and Adolescents
Picou, P., Adenuga, P., Ellison, K. S., & Davis, T. E. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00041-8
Clinophobia: Dermatologists on the front line (16 cases)
Augey, F., Mansouri, A., Bonnecarrere, L., & Allombert-Blaise, C. J. (2021) · Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie · doi:10.1016/j.annder.2021.07.011
Multi-Criteria Complex Differential Diagnostics of Neurotic Phobias
Vd, M., Pervyi, V., Grinevich, E. G., Сухой, В. Ф., Сапожников, С., & Самойлов, А. Е. (2020) · Психиатрия психотерапия и клиническая психология · doi:10.34883/pi.2020.11.2.008
Expectations of objective threats and aversive feelings in specific fearsPreprint
Elsey, J. W. B., & Kindt, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w3vz5
Zhou, X., Xiao, Q., Chen, S., Xu, X., Hong, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Chen, Y., Yang, F., & Tu, J. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505618
(2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77735-6.00014-8
Wilson, G. A., Krause, K. L., & Antony, M. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00189-2
The Use of Gamification in Social Phobia
Simões-Silva, V., Maravalhas, V., Cunha, A. R., Soares, M. I., & Marques, A. J. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7589-8.ch060
Rakitzi, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27837-2_5
Ley, J. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90541-1.00023-6
Хоміцький, М., & Kondratenko, M. Y. (2023) · Men’s Health Gender and Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.37321/ujmh.2023.1-07
Datta, D., Das, A., Jafferany, M., Hafi, B. N., Carniciu, S., & Stamu‐O’Brien, C. (2023) · Dermatological Reviews · doi:10.1002/der2.210
Mammini, C., & Manzoni, N. (2023) · IPNOSI · doi:10.3280/ipn2023-001002
İlhan, Y., & Avcil, C. (2023) · Mutluluk ve İyi Oluş Dergisi · doi:10.32739/usmut.2023.9.15.96
Khomitskyi, M. Y., & Kondratenko, M. Y. (2023) · Ukrains kyi Visnyk Psykhonevrolohii · doi:10.36927/2079-0325-v31-is3-2023-20
Does Trauma-Informed Care Have a Place in Audiology? A Review and Practical Suggestions
Kirjava, S. A., & Phelan, J. (2023) · Audiology Research · doi:10.3390/audiolres13060080
Junida, D. S. (2024) · International Journal Ethnic Racial and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.26418/ijerch.v1i2.75871
“As an impact of being easily underestimated, it can create a situation of letting others make decisions (Anita Novianty, 2018); this disease (in mental health) is called anxiety disorder or decidophobia (Eaton et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBurkauskas, J., Fineberg, N. A., Enara, A., Cirnigliaro, G., & Drummond, L. M. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623861.016
Dinamika Psikologis Individu Dewasa Awal dengan Gangguan Fobia Spesifik (Ketakutan Terhadap Cacing)
Arfensia, D. S., Ramadhia, U., & Utami, G. (2024) · Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) · doi:10.22146/gamajpp.91056
A Case of Dizziness Due to Specific Phobia Associated with Repetitive Sound Exposure
Aomi, M., Seo, T., Sugawara, K., Kemmochi, A., Koike, Y., Shinohe, T., Koizuka, I., & Komori, M. (2024) · Equilibrium Research · doi:10.3757/jser.83.88
”Varje timme i bassängen räknas”
Hansson, E. (2024) · Sociologisk Forskning · doi:10.37062/sf.61.25798
Leehr, E. J., Brede, L. S., Böhnlein, J., Roesmann, K., Gathmann, B., Herrmann, M. J., Junghöfer, M., Schwarzmeier, H., Seeger, F. R., Siminski, N., et al. (2024) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsae054
“The heritability of animal phobia is moderate with ∼ 30% (Van Houtem et al. 2013, Eaton et al. 2018).”
BackgroundAnxiety and Trauma‐related Disorders due to the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Kailin, M., Fernandez, V. D., Peng, C., & Black, C. G. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781394250103.ch6
Frumento, S., Callara, A. L., Menicucci, D., Scilingo, E. P., Greco, A., & Gemignani, A. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE) · doi:10.1109/metroxraine62247.2024.10796345
“The higher rate of female phobic participants is coherent with the higher prevalence of specific phobias in women [19] and is widely accepted in the scientific literature concerning subliminal phobic stimulation [20].”
Kim, G. S., Tirumalaraju, V., & Selvaraj, S. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009334730.021
Psychometric validation of the Specific Phobia Questionnaire in an Australian community sample
Mathews, J., Wootton, B. M., & Moses, K. (2025) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2025.2464850
“…are a cause for concern as not only are specific phobias often persistent and have an early onset, but they are also strongly predictive of the development of other anxiety disorders (Wardenaar et al., 2017) and major depression (Eaton et al., 2018), which have numerous adverse outcomes for people.”
Harnish, R. J., Traver, B. E., Tarka, P., Nataraajan, R., & Slack, F. J. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251358209
Braun, M. N., Michael, T., Equit, M., & Lass‐Hennemann, J. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101648
A Novel Hypnotic Intervention for the Treatment of Ornithophobia. A Case Study
Vivo, D. R. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2025.2529465 · Cited by 1
“Several factors can contribute to ornithophobia, including direct or indirect negative experiences with birds (Eaton et al., 2018).”
Cloud-Based VR Cybertherapy for Dynamic Exposure Therapy
Kurtulus, F., Akbulut, A., Güngör, F., Tarakçı, E., & Catal, C. (2025) · IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) · doi:10.1109/tensymp63728.2025.11144981
“Lifetime prevalence of the SP ranges between 9.4% and 12.8%, with the small animal phobias (spider, insect) being the most seen [6,7].”
InfluentialKhoe, H. C., Chang, C. W., & Ho, C. S. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009458634.009
Machingura, T., & Hurley, C. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815313710125010011
Characterizing the behavioral phenotypes of phobic avoidancePreprint
Frumento, S., Magnavacca, E., Iannizzotto, A., Gemignani, A., Scilingo, E. P., Menicucci, D., & Greco, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7534187/v1
An Optimized Immersive Virtual Reality System for Exposure Therapy in Treating Amaxophobia
Figuerola-Escoto, R. P., Cotero, A. G. G., Alva, R., Bernal, L. S., Coronel, G. E. O., Avalos, J.-G., & Sánchez, G. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152111740
Shared genetic etiology between specific phobia and other psychiatric disorders.
Ueda, K., Toida, Y., Naka, A., Fujisawa, N., Nakamaru, R., Fujikane, D., Shioiri, T., & Ohi, K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120868
Williamson, T. M., Hebbard, P., & El-Gabalawy, R. (2025) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2025.12.002
Intraarticular Steroid Phobia in Physicians: Is There a Basis?
Bulut, D., Dağaşan, T., Özilice, Ö., & Taştan, T. E. (2025) · Acta Medica Alanya · doi:10.30565/medalanya.1768118
Fernández, M. M., González, V. M., Álvarez, M. C. R., Silva, S. S., Correa, C. S., Montoya, J. J. V., Hincapié, G. M. S., & Bernal, D. P. R. (2026) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2025.05.003
Validation of the Turkish version of the Phobic Stimuli Response Scales
Yerlikaya, E. E., & Dedeler, M. (2026) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-026-00380-7
“Specific phobia is a common and impairing anxiety disorder, with prevalence estimates ranging from 2% to 12.5% in epidemiological studies (Kessler et al., 2005a, b; Stinson et al., 2007) and lifetime rates reported between 7% and 13% in North American samples (Eaton et al., 2018).”
InfluentialXu, Y., Song, Y., Gezgin, D. M., Liu, M., & Zheng, W. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2628150 · Cited by 1
“Specific phobia refers to irrational fear of a particular object or situation, along with avoidance behaviors, persistent fear, and significant distress or impairment caused by the fear (Eaton et al., 2018).”
Psychopathy: what are fearless people afraid of?Preprint
Araújo, A. S., Suttiwan, P., Ferreira, T. B., Coelho, C. M., Barbosa, F., & Zsido, A. N. (2026) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Wannemüller, A., Beckers, A., Beideck, L., Horzela, C., Hötzel, K., Jansen, A., Jordan, D., Liebert, E., Mertens, M., Rosenkranz, P., et al. (2026) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000550395
Psychische Belastungen und psychische Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Asbrand, J., Dippel, N., & Weise, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54061-5_43-1
StopMiedo: a technology-assisted intervention system for the treatment of amaxophobia
González-Velázquez, S., Molina, A. I., González, I., Lacave, C., Mondéjar, T., & Nugent, C. D. (2026) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-026-01312-z
Calteaux, I., Hutchinson, E., Neumann, D. L., & Farrell, L. (2026) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02014-6
Understanding Blood–Injection–Injury Phobia: Do Not Miss the Point
McCoy, D. J., Togioka, B. M., Lalwani, K., Chamberlain, M., Marcucci, C., & Wang, J. (2026) · A&A Practice · doi:10.1213/xaa.0000000000002216
Neurophobia in context: Demographic and mental health correlates
Perrenoud, M. P., Carrard, V., Liberto, G. D., Berney, A., & Théaudin, M. (2026) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2026.126059
Özgül Fobi Tedavisinde Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi: Sistematik Bir Derleme
Çolak, Y., & Karaaziz, M. (2026) · 19 Mayıs Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.52835/19maysbd.1923489
Doris, J. M. (2026) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2026.2704862
Axberg, L., Edwards, S., Bernhardsson, J., Zetterlund, K., Rosén, J., Grönvall, H., Tabrizi, F. F., Leiler, A., & Åhs, F. (2026) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2026.109364
Young minds, big fish: exploring two to twelve-year-old’s descriptions and fear of sharks
Busque, B. L., Ambrosi, C., Gleaves, J., & Litchfield, C. A. (2026) · Human Dimensions of Wildlife · doi:10.1080/10871209.2026.2717285
Tuan, N. V., Hà, V. T., & Dương, M. S. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0357803
“PADs are characterized by disproportionate fear, anticipatory anxiety, and avoidance of specific objects, situations, or social contexts, and include social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias [7,8].”
Alves, I., Conceição, N., & Esteves, A. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2728236
Rescuing anxiety by targeting the neuronal-astrocytic iron signaling axis in male mice
Wang, Z., Yang, S., Tan, S., Huang, T., Yang, Q., Fu, J., Liu, Z., Li, B., Wu, Z., Min, J., et al. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-026-02921-z
Metadata
- Authors
- Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., & Miloyan, B.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Federation University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Eaton, William W
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 678-686
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7233312
- OpenAlex
- W4245095371
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (U01AG052445)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- specific phobia, anxiety disorders, prevalence, incidence, developmental course, risk factors, comorbidities, exposure therapy, childhood onset
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Avoidance Learning, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Sex Factors, Global Health, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Age of Onset, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
