Cited by 204Mental Health Treatment and AccessPharmaceutical Economics and PolicyHistorical Psychiatry and Medical Practices

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Psychotropic medicine consumption in 65 countries and regions, 2008-19: A longitudinal study

Open access

Brauer, Ruth, Alfageh, Basmah, Blais, Joseph E, Chan, Esther W, Chui, Celine S L, Hayes, Joseph F, Man, Kenneth K C, Lau, Wallis C Y, Yan, Vincent K C, Beykloo, Maedeh Y, Wang, Zixuan, Wei, Li, Wong, Ian C K·2021·The Lancet Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00292-3PMC PMC9766760

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Background The WHO Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2030 encourages routine collection and reporting of a set of essential mental health indicators, including the availability of psychotropic medicines. The global monitoring of country-level psychotropic medicine consumption trends can provide information on the extent of the availability of psychotropic medicines. The primary objective of this study was to investigate global trends in psychotropic medicines consumption from 2008 to 2019 across 65 countries and regions according to country income level and geographical region. Methods In this longitudinal trends study, we used pharmaceutical sales data from the IQVIA-Multinational Integrated Data Analysis System (IQVIA-MIDAS). We analysed monthly sales data of psychotropic medicines between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2019. Total psychotropic medicine consumption included sales of antidepressants, antipsychotics, tranquilisers, sedatives or hypnotics, and mood stabilisers. Population estimates of each country or region (eight lower-middle-income countries, 19 upper-middle-income countries, and 38 high-income countries) were based on the UN World Population Prospects 2019 report. Average annual sales trends of psychotropic medicines, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day, were estimated using a random-effects model adjusted for income level and region. Relative changes in the annual consumption of psychotropic medicines by income, expressed as DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day, were assessed as percentage change for each medicine class. Findings Psychotropic medicine sales increased from 28·54 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day in 2008 to 34·77 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day in 2019, corresponding to a 4·08% (95% CI 2·96-5·21) relative average increase annually. The absolute annual increase was greater in high-income countries (3·31 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day, 95% CI 3·01-3·61) compared with upper-middle-income countries (1·94 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day, 1·45-2·44) and low-middle-income countries (0·88 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day, 0·62-1·13; p<0·0001). The relative average annual increase in psychotropic medicine sales from 2008 to 2019 was greater in upper-middle-income countries (7·88%, 95% CI 6·99-8·77) than in lower-middle-income countries (2·90%, 2·40-3·39) and high-income countries (1·02%, 0·80-1·24). In 2019, the regional consumption of psychotropic medicines varied greatly, with the highest sales of all psychotropic medicine classes reported in northern America (167·54 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day) and lowest sales reported in Asia (5·59 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day). 17 countries had very low consumption of psychotropic medicines in 2019, including high-income countries and countries with a high prevalence of mental disorders. Interpretation The consumption of psychotropic medicines has increased over a 12-year period, and although the absolute growth rate was highest in high-income countries, the relative growth is highest in middle-income countries and especially upper-middle-income countries. Disparities in psychotropic medicine consumption of countries can only partly be explained by geographical location and income. Greater efforts are needed to increase the availability of psychotropic medicines in countries with very low consumption, which is probably due to financial or cultural reasons as well as scarcity of trained health-care professionals to prescribe psychotropic medicines. Funding None.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00292-3

Cites

38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30925-9 · Cited by 19,358
Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006
No health without mental health
Prince, M. J., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61238-0 · Cited by 4,028
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Cipriani, A., Furukawa, T. A., Salanti, G., Chaimani, A., Atkinson, L. Z., Ogawa, Y., Leucht, S., Ruhe, H. G., Turner, E. H., Higgins, J. P. T., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32802-7 · Cited by 3,541
Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data
Boeckel, T. P. V., Gandra, S., Ashok, A., Caudron, Q., Grenfell, B. T., Levin, S. A., & Laxminarayan, R. (2014) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70780-7 · Cited by 2,355
Undertreatment of people with major depressive disorder in 21 countries
Thornicroft, G., Chatterji, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L., Borges, G., et al. (2017) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.188078 · Cited by 1,121
Mental Illness Stigma, Help Seeking, and Public Health Programs
Henderson, C., Evans-Lacko, S., & Thornicroft, G. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301056 · Cited by 959
Mental Health Service Provision in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Rathod, S., Pinninti, N., Irfan, M., Gorczynski, P., Rathod, P., Gega, L., & Naeem, F. (2017) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/1178632917694350 · Cited by 866
Essential medicines for universal health coverage
Wirtz, V. J., Hogerzeil, H. V., Gray, A. L., Bigdeli, M., de Joncheere, C. P., Ewen, M. A., Gyansa-Lutterodt, M., Jing, S., Luiza, V. L., Mbindyo, R. M., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31599-9 · Cited by 661
Increasing off‐label use of antipsychotic medications in the United States, 1995–2008
Alexander, G. C., Gallagher, S. A., Mascola, A. J., Moloney, R., & Stafford, R. S. (2011) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.2082 · Cited by 426

Show all 39 references

Sorted by citations

Global, regional, and national trends in opioid analgesic consumption from 2015 to 2019: a longitudinal study.
Ju, C., Wei, L., Man, K. K. C., Wang, Z., Ma, T.-T., Chan, A., Brauer, R., Chui, C., Chan, E., Jani, Y. H., et al. (2022) · Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00013-5 · Cited by 119
Self-citation
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication consumption in 64 countries and regions from 2015 to 2019: a longitudinal study
Chan, A. Y. L., Ma, T.-T., Lau, W. C. Y., Ip, P., Coghill, D., Gao, L., Jani, Y. H., Hsia, Y., Wei, L., Taxis, K., et al. (2023) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101780 · Cited by 95
Self-citation
Occurrence and distribution of emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants: A globally review over the past two decades
Jiang, T., Wu, W., Ma, M., Hu, Y., & Li, R. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175664 · Cited by 95
Gabapentinoid consumption in 65 countries and regions from 2008 to 2018: a longitudinal trend study
Chan, A. Y. L., Yuen, A. S. C., Tsai, D. H., Lau, W. C. Y., Jani, Y. H., Hsia, Y., Osborn, D., Hayes, J., Besag, F., Lai, E. C., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40637-8 · Cited by 75
Self-citation
Global trends in the consumption of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in 67 countries and regions from 2008 to 2018: a sales data analysis
Ma, T., Wang, Z., Qin, X. S., Ju, C., Lau, W. C. Y., Man, K. K. C., Castle, D. J., Chang, W. C., Chan, A. Y. L., Cheung, E. C. L., et al. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad124 · Cited by 74
Self-citation
Occurrence and fate of antidepressants in the aquatic environment: Insights into toxicological effects on the aquatic life, analytical methods, and removal techniques
Singh, A. P., Saidulu, D., Gupta, A. K., & Kubsad, V. (2022) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2022.109012 · Cited by 56
The occurrence of typical psychotropic drugs in the aquatic environments and their potential toxicity to aquatic organisms - A review
Zhu, X., Luo, T., Wang, D., Zhao, Y., Jin, Y., & Yang, G. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165732 · Cited by 42
The Economics of Treatment for Depression
Stecher, C. D., Cloonan, S., & Domino, M. E. (2023) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-061022-040533 · Cited by 43
Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yin, J., Song, X., Wang, C., Lin, X., & Miao, M. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05382-8 · Cited by 44
Psychopharmacology in children and adolescents: unmet needs and opportunities
Cortese, S., Purper‐Ouakil, D., Apter, A., Arango, C., Baeza, I., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J. K., Castro‐Fornieles, J., Coghill, D., Cohen, D., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00345-0 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Antidepressants in wastewater treatment plants: Occurrence, transformation and acute toxicity evaluation
Wang, W., Zhang, J., Hu, M., Liu, X., Sun, T., & Zhang, H. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166120 · Cited by 33
Greenhouse gas impact from medical emissions of halogenated anaesthetic agents: a sales-based estimate
Talbot, A., Holländer, H. C., & Bentzer, P. (2025) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(25)00027-0 · Cited by 33
Non-Adherence to Antidepressant Treatment and Related Factors in a Region of Spain: A Population-Based Registry Study
Pedrosa-Naudín, M. A., Gutiérrez-Abejón, E., Herrera-Gómez, F., Fernández-Lázaro, D., & Álvarez, F. J. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14122696 · Cited by 31
Pharmaceutical pollution disrupts the behavior and predator-prey interactions of two widespread aquatic insects
Bose, A. P. H., McCallum, E. S., Avramović, M., Bertram, M. G., Blom, E., Červený, D., Grønlund, S. N., Leander, J., Lundberg, P., Martin, J. M., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105672 · Cited by 32
Estimated undertreatment of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections in eight low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study
Mishra, A., Dwivedi, R., Faure, K., Morgan, D. J., & Cohn, J. (2025) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00108-2 · Cited by 31
Occurrence, spatial and seasonal variation, and environmental risk of pharmaceutically active compounds in the Pearl River basin, South China
Lei, H., Yao, K.-S., Yang, B., Xie, L., & Ying, G. (2022) · Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1646-8 · Cited by 28
Treatment-resistant depression and risk of autoimmune diseases: evidence from a population-based cohort and nested case-control study
Chan, V. K. Y., Luo, H., Chan, S. S. M., Lau, C. S., Yeung, W. W. Y., Peng, K., Tong, X., Lam, M. P. S., Wong, I. C. K., & Li, X. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02383-9 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Nighttime smartphone use, sleep quality, and mental health: investigating a complex relationship
Andersen, T. O., Sejling, C., Jensen, A. K., Drews, H. J., Ritz, B. R., Varga, T. V., & Rod, N. H. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad256 · Cited by 31
Effects of antipsychotics on the gastrointestinal microbiota: A systematic review
Dias, M. F., Nogueira, Y. J. D. A., Romano‐Silva, M. A., & de Miranda, D. M. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115914 · Cited by 25
Antiseizure medications consumption in 73 countries and regions from 2012 to 2022: a longitudinal trend study
Chan, A. Y. L., Yuen, A. S. C., Hsia, Y., Lau, W. C. Y., Cross, J. H., Walker, M. C., Besag, F., Hung, A. T. F., Iessa, N., Chowdhary, N., et al. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103558 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Degradation of Selected Antidepressants Sertraline and Citalopram in Ultrapure Water and Surface Water Using Gamma Radiation
Bojanowska-Czajka, A., Pyszynska, M., Majkowska‐Pilip, A., & Wawrowicz, K. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr10010063 · Cited by 22
Occurrence and Bioaccumulation of Psychotropic Pharmaceuticals and Their Metabolites in Water and Fish in a Shallow Lake in China: Implications for Ecological and Human Health Risks
Weng, Y., Yang, H., Chen, H., Xu, Y., Gu, X., Zhao, Z., Jin, M., Mao, Z., Zeng, Q., Zha, J., et al. (2023) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.2c00553 · Cited by 22
Co-Occurring Mental Illness and Behavioral Support Needs in Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Lineberry, S., Bogenschutz, M. D., Broda, M., Dinora, P., Prohn, S., & West, A. (2023) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-023-01091-4 · Cited by 22
Evolving Trends in Consumption of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in 65 Countries/Regions from 2008 to 2019
Yan, V. K. C., Li, H., Wei, L., Knapp, M. R. J., Wong, I. C. K., & Chan, E. W. (2023) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-023-01837-0 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Cost-Effectiveness of Biosimilars vs Leflunomide in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Peng, K., Chan, S. C. W., Wang, Y., Cheng, F. W. T., Yeung, W. W. Y., Jiao, Y., Chan, E. W., Wong, I. C. K., Lau, C.-S., & Li, X. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.18800 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Fate and transformation of psychotropic drugs in urban wastewater systems and receiving rivers via the integration of targeted and suspect screening analysis
Wang, A., Zhang, J., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Ying, G., Liang, Y.-X., Xu, M., & Yu, Z.-Q. (2025) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2025.123292 · Cited by 20
Premenstrual disorders and gender differences in adolescent mental health
Li, Y., Jiang, J., Halldorsdottir, T., Zhu, H., Bertone‐Johnson, E. R., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Zhou, X., Zhang, W., & Lu, D. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.009 · Cited by 24
Updating the WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines to promote global access to the most cost-effective and safe medicines for mental disorders
Papola, D., Ostuzzi, G., Todesco, B., Gastaldon, C., Hanna, F., Chatterjee, S., van Ommeren, M., & Barbui, C. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00176-1 · Cited by 19
Mental health of children and young people in the WHO Europe region
Tarasenko, A., Josy, G., Minnis, H., Hall, J., Danese, A., Lau, J. Y. F., Cortese, S., Stringaris, A. K., Redlich, C., & Ougrin, D. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101459 · Cited by 35
Monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion protein biologic medicines: A multinational cross-sectional investigation of accessibility and affordability in Asia Pacific regions between 2010 and 2020
Tong, X., Li, X., Pratt, N. L., Hillen, J. B., Stanford, T., Ward, M., Roughead, E. E., Lai, E. C., Shin, J., Cheng, F. W. T., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100506 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Use of Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Drugs in Scandinavian Countries between 2006 and 2021: A Prescription Database Study
Bojanić, I. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/5448587 · Cited by 18
Exploring the association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and rhabdomyolysis risk based on the FDA pharmacovigilance database
Wang, Y., Lin, Y., Lin, Q. H., Liang, H., Cai, W., & Jiang, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39482-y · Cited by 17
Trends in the utilization of psychotropic medications in China from 2018 to 2021
Zhang, X., Hu, X., Zhao, Y., Lu, C. Y., Nie, X., & Shi, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.967826 · Cited by 18
Antidepressant Trial Duration Versus Duration of Real-World Use: A Systematic Analysis
Ward, W. S., Haslam, A., & Prasad, V. K. (2025) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2025.04.037 · Cited by 15
Global trends in clozapine utilisation between 2014 and 2024: a longitudinal epidemiological study with data from 75 countries
Fitzgerald, I., O'Dwyer, S., Dhubhlaing, C. N., Gee, S., Sahm, L. J., Wheeler, A., Hurley, E., Saastamoinen, L., Waksmundzka-Walczuk, A., Donohue, G., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2026.101602 · Cited by 15
Identifying priorities for future research on reducing and stopping psychiatric medication: results of a James Lind Alliance priority-setting partnership
Boland, M., Higgins, A., Beecher, C., Bracken, P., Burn, W., Cody, A., Framer, A., Gronlund, T., Horowitz, M., Huff, C., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088266 · Cited by 14
Management of Bipolar Disorder in Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Clinicians’ Guide
Bergink, V., Suleiman, M., Hennen, M., & Robakis, T. K. (2025) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01202-7 · Cited by 13
Respiratory aspiration during treatment with benzodiazepines, antiepileptic and antidepressant drugs in the pharmacovigilance database from VigiBase
Cuevas, C. D. L., Sanz, E. J., & de León, J. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2022.2122813 · Cited by 13
Impact of Introducing Infliximab Biosimilars on Total Infliximab Consumption and Originator Infliximab Prices in Eight Regions: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis
Peng, K., Blais, J. E., Pratt, N. L., Guo, J. J., Hillen, J. B., Stanford, T., Ward, M., Lai, E. C., Shin, J., Tong, X., et al. (2022) · BioDrugs · doi:10.1007/s40259-023-00589-3 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Flunitrazepam and its metabolites exposure disturb the zebrafish gut-liver axis: Combined microbiome and metabolomic analysis
Lin, W., Qin, Y., Wang, X., Du, M., Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Ren, Y. (2023) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106688 · Cited by 12
Consumption of psychotropic drugs in Croatia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a 10-year longitudinal study (2012–2021)
Vukičević, T., Draganić, P., Škribulja, M., Puljak, L., & Došenović, S. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02574-1 · Cited by 12
Use of gabapentinoid treatment and the risk of self-harm: population based self-controlled case series study
Yuen, A. S. C., Chen, B., Chan, A. Y. L., Hayes, J., Osborn, D., Besag, F., Lau, W. C. Y., Wong, I. C. K., Wei, L., & Man, K. K. C. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081627 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
The adsorption and its mechanism of venlafaxine by original and aged polypropylene microplastic and the changes of joint toxicity
Xu, J., Yuan, Y., Zhang, W., Liu, C., Wang, Z., & Li, J. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120176 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Psychotropic Medications
Androshchuk, V., Montarello, N., & Rajani, R. (2025) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2024.0773 · Cited by 14
Critical insights into the potential risks of antipsychotic drugs to fish, including through effects on behaviour
Wasser‐Bennett, G., Brown, A. R., Maynard, S. K., Owen, S. F., & Tyler, C. R. (2025) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.70031 · Cited by 13
Challenges and Coping Strategies in Transitioning From Caregiving to Widowhood: A Systematic Review
Baumbach, A., Hughes, M. C., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/01640275241254396 · Cited by 10
C. elegans as a powerful model for neurotoxicity assessment
Barbosa, D. J., Santos, I. C., Moyisyeyenko, T., Mendes, C., & Sobral, A. F. (2025) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2025.07.009 · Cited by 10
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use of Antidepressant and Antianxiety Pharmaceuticals as Well as Sick Leave in Poland
Krupa, D., Czech, M., Pinkas, J., & Mosiołek, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042135 · Cited by 9
Ketogenic diets in clinical psychology: examining the evidence and implications for practice
Laurent, N., Bellamy, E. L., Hristova, D., & Houston, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1468894 · Cited by 8
Change of antidepressant utilization in children, adolescents and young adults in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review
Fassmer, A. M., Wandscher, K., Bedri, A., Jobski, K., Poustka, L., Bachmann, C., & Hoffmann, F. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02839-x · Cited by 8
Right-side frontal-central cortical hyperactivation before the treatment predicts outcomes of antidepressant and electroconvulsive therapy responsivity in major depressive disorder
Tsai, H.-J., Yang, W., Tsai, S., Lin, C., & Yang, A. C. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.023 · Cited by 8
Prescribing Trends in Psychotropic Medications Among Outpatients of a Latin American Healthcare Setting: A Five-Year Retrospective Study
Villalobos-Madríz, J. A., Arias, B. S., Arguedas‐Chacón, S., Zavaleta‐Monestel, E., Rodríguez-Miranda, R., Chaverri‐Fernández, J. M., & Covarrubias‐Gómez, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.37832 · Cited by 8
Changes in parents' psychotropic medication use following child's cancer diagnosis: A fixed‐effects register‐study in Finland
Metsä‐Simola, N., Remes, H. M., Hiltunen, E. M., & Martikainen, P. (2022) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.4662 · Cited by 8
Photodegradation of typical psychotropic drugs in the aquatic environment: a critical review
Wang, C., Guo, R., Guo, C., Yin, H., & Xu, J. F. (2025) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d4em00669k · Cited by 7
Identifying factors related to sertraline concentrations in child/adolescent and adult patients: insights from a therapeutic drug monitoring service
Li, R., Bi, B., Dong, Z., Chen, S., Yun, Y., Hasenqimuge, Hasenqimuge, Chen, S., & Tan, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07033-6 · Cited by 7
A Double Challenge for Fish: The Combined Stress of Warming and Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Systems
Lourenço, T., Rocha, M. J., Rocha, E., & Madureira, T. V. (2025) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox15060190 · Cited by 8
Consumption of hypnosedatives in Spain: characterization and time trends, 2005-2022
Mourino, N., Teijeiro, A., Guerra-Tort, C., Rey‐Brandariz, J., Candal‐Pedreira, C., Gisbert, L. M., Mascareñas‐García, M., García, G., Varela‐Lema, L., & Pérez‐Ríos, M. (2024) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2024.102433 · Cited by 7
Development of a novel instrument for assessing intentional non-adherence to official medical recommendations (iNAR-12): a sequential mixed-methods study in Serbia
Purić, D., Petrović, M., Zivanovic, M., Lukić, P., Zupan, Z., Branković, M., Ninković, M., Lazarević, L., Stanković, S., & Žeželj, I. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069978 · Cited by 6
Common mental health diagnoses arising from or coinciding with menopausal transition and prescribing of SSRIs/SNRIs medications and other psychotropic medications
Alsugeir, D. M., Adesuyan, M., Talaulikar, V. S., Wei, L., Whittlesea, C., & Brauer, R. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.036 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Health risk assessment of emerging organic contaminants from land-applied biosolids: A comparative study between the U.S. and China
Zhou, T., Li, X., Liu, H., Dong, S., Sun, J., Vigneswaran, S., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2025.125094 · Cited by 6
Trends in Psychotropic Medication Use, Polypharmacy, and Potential Major Drug–Drug Interactions Among US Youth
Meng, L.-C., Leonard, C. E., Candon, M. K., Mandell, D. S., & Hennessy, S. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.12.006 · Cited by 6
Income gradient in psychotherapy use and psychotropic drug purchases: A longitudinal register study in Finnish employed population
Selinheimo, S., Gluschkoff, K., Turunen, J., Mattila‐Holappa, P., Kausto, J., & Väänänen, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.001 · Cited by 7
Changes in Psychotropic Drug Blood Levels After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Two-Center Cohort Study
Kuzin, M., Gardin, F., Götschi, M., Xepapadakos, F., Kawohl, W., Seifritz, E., Trauzeddel, A., Paulzen, M., & Schoretsanitis, G. (2023) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000001118 · Cited by 6
Trends in greenhouse gas emissions from volatile anaesthetics in 41 countries: 2013–2023
Caviglia, M., Ucciero, A., Conti, A. A., Filippo, A. D., Trotta, F., Ragazzoni, L., Corte, F. D., & Barone‐Adesi, F. (2025) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.16709 · Cited by 5
Discovery of antidepressant active compounds from Polygala tenuifolia Willd.: An integrated multitarget screening strategy combining network pharmacology with cell membrane chromatography coupled to high performance liquid chromatography
Liu, M., Yin, J., Sun, R., Yong, J., Han, X., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Song, M., Wu, T., Han, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120527 · Cited by 5
Thirty-two-year trends in anticholinergic burden and associated mortality among US older adults: a population-based study
Wei, K., Sun, S., Chen, C., Yang, Y., Li, D. X., Liu, Y., Tang, C., Jiang, W., Bai, X., Hu, K. N., et al. (2026) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afag049 · Cited by 5
Examining the Long-Term Impacts of Psychotropic Drugs and Considerations for People Discontinuing Treatment
Wand, T. (2025) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2025.2476156 · Cited by 5
Systematic Review: Antipsychotic Medication in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children
Kaplan, C. A., Poels, E. M. P., van den Heuvel, M. I., Bijma, H. H., Bergink, V., Rommel, A., & Robakis, T. K. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.04.008 · Cited by 6
Efficacy and safety of probiotics in the treatment of depression and anxiety: An umbrella review of systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials
de Souza, C. R., Lazo, R. E. L., Mainka, F. F., Zinco, A. G., Mengarda, M., Bonetti, A. D. F., & Murakami, F. S. (2023) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2023.100362 · Cited by 5
Assessment of Potential Drug–Drug Interactions of Psycholeptics and Antidepressants in Outpatient Settings
Marović, I., Marinović, I., Vrca, V. B., & Samardžić, I. (2024) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy12060174 · Cited by 6
Trends in consumption and use of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in the Republic of Serbia in the period 2006-2019
Medarević, A. (2022) · Glasnik javnog zdravlja · doi:10.5937/serbjph2202126m · Cited by 4
Child and adolescent psychiatry: challenges, solutions, opportunities, and future directions
Cortese, S., Arango, C., Aymerich, C., Catalan, A., Chetouani, M., Cohen, D., Coghill, D., Gabellone, A., Iniesta, R., Kadan, A., et al. (2026) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.70044 · Cited by 4
High-capacity adsorption of fluoxetine using olive-stone derived activated biochar: insights into efficiency and mechanism
Khurana, P., Sran, S., Das, R. K., Sánchez-Silva, L., & Brar, S. K. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra01258a · Cited by 4
Use of potentially inappropriate psychotropic medicines among older adults in 23 residential aged care facilities in Australia: a retrospective cohort study
Batool, N., Raban, M. Z., Seaman, K. L., Westbrook, J. I., & Wabe, N. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05542-9 · Cited by 5
Association between Type 2 Diabetes onset age and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: Two cohort studies from United Kingdom and Hong Kong
Wang, B., Mak, I. L., Liu, K., Choi, E. P. H., Lam, C. L. K., & Wan, E. Y. F. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2025.101607 · Cited by 4
An assessment of generative artificial intelligence in responding to clinical queries on tapering antidepressants
Oscar, M. M., Boland, M., & Cadogan, C. A. (2025) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.06.107 · Cited by 4
Examining drug poisoning in child and adolescent psychiatric patients: clinical analysis and pharmacy services
Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, R., Wang, Z., & Luo, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1507639 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Male sexual dysfunction associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): A pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis of FAERS data
Li, S., Feng, J., & Zhang, S. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121336 · Cited by 5
Development and internal validation of a predictive model for prolonged intensive care unit stays in patients with psychotropic drug poisoning
Shi, Q., Dai, H., Ba, G., Li, M., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.09.003 · Cited by 4
A systematic review of manipulations to pharmaceutical dosage forms used in psychotropic tapering plans
O'Brien, D., Healy, A. M., Harkin, A., & Cadogan, C. A. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/bcp.70082 · Cited by 5
Implications on the perioperative management of psychotropic medications
Sertöz, N., KAYAHAN, S. T., & Sertöz, Ö. Ö. (2025) · Minerva Anestesiologica · doi:10.23736/s0375-9393.25.19032-9 · Cited by 5
Health effects of cash transfers: Evidence from the Finnish basic income experiment
Hämäläinen, K., Simanainen, M., & Verho, J. (2025) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105480 · Cited by 4
Development of an HPLC–HRMS Method for the Identification and Semi‐Quantitation in River Water Samples of the Transformation Products Originated From Heterogeneous Photocatalysis of Antipsychotic Drugs
Rosa, E. D., Arpaia, S., Michelina, S. V., Oliva, F., Medana, C., Calza, P., & Bello, F. D. (2025) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.70299 · Cited by 3
Psychotropic medication consumption before and after onset of COVID-19 pandemic in 91 countries and regions: a time-series analysis
Huang, C., Yu, Y., Wei, Y., Yan, V. K. C., Lee, K. J., Leung, S. M., Lai, F. T. T., Chai, Y., Brauer, R., Castle, D. J., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101711 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
A Novel Method for Identifying Patients with High Risk of Litigation in Plastic Surgery: Introducing the FATIMA Acronym
Vicente-Ruiz, M., & Hontanilla, B. (2024) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-024-04476-2 · Cited by 3
Pharmacoepidemiology of antidepressants in the Russian Federation
Gomon, Y. М., Колбин, А. С., Анатольевна, Л. В., & Незнанов, Н. Г. (2025) · Real-World Data & Evidence · doi:10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-068 · Cited by 3
Occurrence, source apportionment and risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in the effluent-impacted rivers
Liu, S., Yang, H., Wang, Z., Wu, J. W., Liu, Z., Mao, H., Zhou, Z., Ma, B., Wei, X., & Shang, Q. (2024) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103461 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Is higher physical activity behaviour associated with less subsequent use of any psychotropic medication: Results of a random-effects meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Wolf, S., Meinzinger, E., Frei, A. K., Seiffer, B., Löchner, J., Takano, K., Scarlett, S., Kenny, R. A., Derhon, V., Guimarães, M. E. A., et al. (2024) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100645 · Cited by 2
Utilization of psychotropic drugs in Serbia from 2006 to 2021: Patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Filimonovic, J. S., Stevanović, M. J., Gazibara, T. M., Šaponjić, V., Dotlić, J., Simonović, P., Vukajlovic, I., Stojanović-Tasić, M., Joksimović, B., Stošić, M., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330749 · Cited by 2
“I want to live life, not just be in it!”: a qualitative study on existential aspects of choosing to reduce or stop psychotropic medication
Kvaløy, S. M., Synnes, O., & Austad, A. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2025.2572509 · Cited by 2
Onset of exposure to workplace bullying and incident treatment with psychotropic medication – an emulated target trial with 25 309 Swedish and Danish employees
Holmgren, R., Sørensen, J. K., Rugulies, R., Xu, T., Dalsager, L., Madsen, I. E. H., & Hanson, L. L. M. (2026) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796025100413 · Cited by 3
Socioenvironmental determinants of polypharmacy in mental health disorders: a systematic review
Tegegne, G. T., Tabatabaei‐Jafari, H., Niyonsenga, T., Ghiasvand, S., Bagheri, Y., & Bagheri, N. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27658-w · Cited by 2
From sawdust to energy and clean water: Syngas-enabled biochar for sertraline removal
Almeida‐Naranjo, C. E., Cuadrado, C. F., Jácome, E., Baddini, J. V. S., Bergamasco, R., & Cusioli, L. F. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109723 · Cited by 2
Treatment of Primary Angle-Closure Suspect
Costa, V. P., & Asrani, S. (2024) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.6513 · Cited by 2
In-stream attenuation and enantioselective fractionation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in a wastewater effluent-dominated river basin
Wang, W., Xie, T., Ma, N., Jiang, X., Zhang, H., Sun, T., & Cui, B. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175521 · Cited by 2
Association of Psychotropic Prescriptions With Non‐Registered Indications and the Risk of Mortality in Older Adults: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study
Ishtiak‐Ahmed, K., Jensen‐Dahm, C., Christensen, K. S., Waldemar, G., & Gasse, C. (2024) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.70014 · Cited by 2
The Weight of the World: An Overview of Current Trends in Student and Program Staff Mental Health and Well-Being Abroad
Barneche, M., Dupont-Jarrett, L., & Nichol-Peters, V. (2025) · Frontiers The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad · doi:10.36366/frontiers.v37i1.998 · Cited by 2
Beyond the rhizosphere: Why are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi not used in passion fruit cultivation destined for anxiolytic herbal medicines?
Muniz, B. C., Costa, C. A. R., de Carvalho, J. G. L., Falcão, E. L., Filho, J. L. D. S., Barreto, C. B., da Luz, R. D. C. R., & da Silva, F. S. B. (2025) · Rhizosphere · doi:10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101063 · Cited by 2
Protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy for emotional disorders in primary care and its mechanisms of change: a randomized step-wedge clinical trial (PsicAP-CV)
Muñoz‐Navarro, R., Pérez‐Jover, V., Esteller-Collado, G., Román, C. J. V.-D. H., Salgueiro, M., Llorca, A., Malonda-Vidal, E., Canet-Cortell, V., Moraga-García, M. J., Coloma‐Carmona, A., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320857 · Cited by 2
Comparative Toxicokinetics and Biomarker Responses of Typical Psychiatric Pharmaceuticals in Daphnia magna
Yang, H., Xing, H., Chen, Z., Kong, L., Jiang, H., & Zhu, T. (2025) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics13060481 · Cited by 2

Authors: Brauer, R., Alfageh, B., Blais, J. E., Chan, E. W., Chui, C. S. L., Hayes, J. F., Man, K. K. C., Lau, W. C. Y., Yan, V. K. C., Beykloo, M. Y., Wang, Z., Wei, L., & Wong, I. C. K.
Affiliations: UCL School of Pharmacy (GB)
King Saud University (SA)
University of Hong Kong (HK)
Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (HK)
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Wong, Ian C K
ORCID: Brauer, Ruth
Alfageh, Basmah
Blais, Joseph E
Chan, Esther W
Chui, Celine S L
Hayes, Joseph F
Man, Kenneth K C
Lau, Wallis C Y
Yan, Vincent K C
Beykloo, Maedeh Y
Wang, Zixuan
Wei, Li
Wong, Ian C K
Venue: The Lancet Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-12
Volume: 8
Issue: 12
Pages: 1071-1082
ISSN: 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00292-3
PMC: PMC9766760
OpenAlex: W3215716001
Cited by: 203
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 55 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 2
FWCI: 19.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Health Research
Amgen
European Commission
Bristol-Myers Squibb
National Health and Medical Research Council
Pfizer
National Natural Science Foundation of China
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust/Institute of Cancer Research
Hospital Authority
Novartis
Food and Health Bureau
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
Innovation and Technology Commission - Hong Kong
Janssen Pharmaceuticals
Wellcome Trust (211085/Z/18/Z)
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee
GlaxoSmithKline
University of Hong Kong
Bayer
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
Keywords: psychotropic drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, sedative-hypnotic drugs, mood stabilizers, defined daily doses, drug sales, mental health indicators, country income level, global trends, mental health policy, access to mental health care, mental health funding
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Drug Utilization, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Psychotropic Drugs

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Psychotropic medicine consumption in 65 countries and regions, 2008-19: A longitudinal study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks