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The Space between Us: Social Geography and Politics
Abstract
The Space Between Us brings the connection between geography, psychology, and politics to life. By going into the neighborhoods of real cities, Enos shows how our perceptions of racial, ethnic, and religious groups are intuitively shaped by where these groups live and interact daily. Through the lens of numerous examples across the globe and drawing on a compelling combination of research techniques including field and laboratory experiments, big data analysis, and small-scale interactions, this timely book provides a new understanding of how geography shapes politics and how members of groups think about each other. Enos' analysis is punctuated with personal accounts from the field. His rigorous research unfolds in accessible writing that will appeal to specialists and non-specialists alike, illuminating the profound effects of social geography on how we relate to, think about, and politically interact across groups in the fabric of our daily lives.
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“Status threat stemming from local racial demographic change can provoke institutional backlash against the democratic inclusion of Black and Latino Americans or of recent immigrants (e.g., Bobo and Hutchings 1996; Enos 2017).”
From Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding (2023) · cites this paper as Enos 2017
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Items 201–249 of 249
Ex Ante Immigration Policy: How Local Politics Anticipate Future Flows
Lee, D. D. I., & Bisbee, J. (2026) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2026.10087
Can We Stand Together? Measuring Racial Avoidance in Shared Spaces
Corona, J. (2026) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096526102170
“Changes in geographic exposure to outgroups can shift policy attitudes and voting behavior toward exclusion (Enos 2017).”
Attitudes Toward Racial Outgroups During Gentrification
Becker, C. (2026) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/10780874261441174
Partisanship, Deservingness, and the Attitudinal Policy Feedback Process for Social Policy
Faricy, C., & Ellis, C. (2026) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.70110
Asimovic, N., & Ditlmann, R. K. (2026) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.16703
How Immigrants and Racial Segregation Affect Immigration Attitudes
Chuang, C. (2026) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-026-10123-0
Unlocking Outgroup Access Online: Evidence From Cyprus
Asimovic, N. (2026) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140261431830
Consequences of Social Frontiers Segregation for Labour Income: Evidence From Oslo
Andersen, H. L., Lindgren, U., & Osland, L. (2026) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.70242
“Their typically weaker institutional em-beddedness within the neighbourhood further restricts access to locally mediated job information (Sampson 2012; Enos 2017; Laurence and Bentley 2016).”
Border Regions and Attitudes towards International Trade in the European Union
Yildirim, A. B. (2026) · World Trade Review · doi:10.1017/s1474745625101432
“Therefore, where a person lives shapes their experiences, perceptions, and attitudes, creating contextual effects of a geographical area (e.g. Books and Prysby, 1991; Enos, 2017).”
Pedagogy of Fear: Folklore and the Far-Right in Weimar Germany
Amaya, E., & Braun, R. (2026) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224251409746
“Radical right leaders from Israel (Illouz 2023) to the United States (Bonikowski, Feinstein, and Bock 2021) engage in fearmongering to legitimize strong leadership at the expense of democracy, delegitimize democratic processes, and dehumanize outsiders.”
InfluentialPlithides, M. (2026) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2026.2621398
“On this specific issue, as in racial and ethnic contexts where subnational effects are well documented (Enos 2017; Hopkins 2012), trade policy meets even skeptics’ criteria for salience (Hopkins 2018, 97) in that it: (1) attracts the attention of local voters and (2) connects to major national…”
All Social Comparisons are Local? Inequality, Coethnicity and Subjective Economic Position
Theunissen, G., & Weidmann, N. B. (2025) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.70022
Police department design, political pressure, and racial inequality in arrests
McCall, A. (2025) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.70016
Coleman, C. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Religion · doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfaf071
Racial Justice Without Character: Business Ethics, Diversity Training, and Distributed Cognition
Singer, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05827-4 · Cited by 1
“The effects of this on individual cognition are part of what Enos (2017, pp. 15, 65) refers to as the “demagogue of space,” through which the spatial distancing of bounded groups creates a psychological distance that manifests itself socially and politically.”
Gibbons, J. (2024) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-024-09424-y
“Recent scholarship has argued that both frameworks work in conjunction to explain animosity (Enos, 2017; Enos & Cel-aya, 2018), including far-right activity (Miller & Grubesic, 2021).”
InfluentialGibbons, J., Beck, A. N., Finch, B. K., & Thomas, K. (2024) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/10780874241259426
“As a result, White residents often become directly or indirectly protective of these resources and perceive the presence of non-Whites nearby as an implicit challenge to their advantages, often with the support of local government authorities (Enos 2017; Quillian 1995, 1996).”
Lakeman, A., & Jindra, M. (2024) · International journal of sociology and social policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-08-2023-0192
Enke, B. (2023) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w31701 · Cited by 4
“This geographic heterogeneity is widely believed to be a key driver of affective polarization and legislative gridlock because it implies that Democratic and Republican partisans live in “different worlds” (Enos, 2017; Brown and Enos, 2021).”
Assessing the Effects of District-Level Segregation on Meritocratic Beliefs in Germany
Oetke, N., Norkus, M., & Goebel, J. (2023) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci12070376 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, while research engaging more broadly with questions of redistribution and attitudes has considered the effects of segregation, diversity, or polarization, evidence regarding meritocratic beliefs specifically is lacking (Enos 2017; Franko and Livingston 2020; Minkoff and Lyons 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialGentrification and Social Unrest: The Blitz, Urban Change and the 2011 London Riots
Leon-Ablan, G., & Kawalerowicz, J. (2023) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027231163137
“Our fi nding that gentri fi cation affects the participation of an area ’ s residents contributes to a literature that shows that exposure to other groups can alter people ’ s political choices (Enos 2017).”
BackgroundTHE FRAGILE STATE OF DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA AND WHY IT SHOULD MATTER TO THE WORLD
Schultz, D. (2021) · IUSTITIA · doi:10.59172/2667-9876/2022-2/44-53
Presidential Voting and County Composition; A Research Note on the 2020 ElectionPreprint
Smith, G. (2021) · doi:10.33774/apsa-2021-m2h51
Stoltenberg, D. (2020) · doi:10.5210/spir.v2020i0.11339
“Urban public life has historically and famously been structured by social stratification and a segregation of social milieus (Enos, 2017; Wirth, 1938).”
BackgroundGerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.015
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.018 · Cited by 1
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.016
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.002
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.010
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.006
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Population and Politics · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.014
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.004
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.013
(2020) · A Re-examination of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in a Political Society in the Light of the Principle of Human Dignity · doi:10.32388/yixf3t
Paul, D. (2020) · doi:10.2307/j.ctt1t892sk.79
“…enthusiasts, exposure to diversity and intergroup contact are not a panacea for poor intergroup relations, as in some instances contact (especially if brief), can reinforce threat perceptions and stereotypes that increase hostility towards out-groups (Enos, 2014, 2017; Condra and Linardi, 2019) .”
BackgroundThomas, M. R. (2020) · Population and Politics · doi:10.1021/acsguide.40412
Demographic change, political backlash, and challenges in the study of geography
Enos, R. D. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1918895116
Self-citationHow should we study racial segregation?
Wood, P. (2019) · Dialogues in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/2043820619850291
Reflections on the geographical parameters of a very geographical study
Murphy, A. (2019) · Dialogues in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/2043820619850288
Social space and social processes
Lawton, P. (2019) · Dialogues in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/2043820619850286
Hill, S. J., Hopkins, D. J., & Huber, G. (2019) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3351950
(2017) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306117744806
“It makes me sound like I’m a NIMBY; I’m not:” Local Political Norms and Liberal Support for HousingPreprint
Ternullo, S. (2024) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4766618
Territorial Integration of Foreigners: Social Sustainability of Host Societies
Benassi, F., & Naccarato, A. (2020) · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3049-4_3
Population and Politics: Index
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Population and Politics · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.021
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.020
Gerring, J., & Veenendaal, W. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108657099.001
Green, A. D. (2019) · From the Iowa Caucuses to the White House · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22499-8_3
Metadata
- Authors
- Enos, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Enos, Ryan D.
- ORCID
- Enos, Ryan D.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2017-10-02
- OpenAlex
- W4256002387
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 23.19
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- social geography, race perception, ethnic groups, religious groups, intergroup relations, spatial segregation, neighborhood effects, political attitudes, group identity
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