The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Founder of Manichaeism: Rethinking the Life of Mani
Abstract
Mani, a third-century preacher, healer and public sage from Sasanian Mesopotamia, lived at a pivotal time and place in the development of the major religions. He frequented the courts of the Persian Empire, debating with rivals from the Judaeo-Christian tradition, philosophers and gnostics, Zoroastrians from Iran and Buddhists from India. The community he founded spread from north Africa to south China and lasted for over a thousand years. Yet the genuine biography of its founder, his life and thought, was in good part lost until a series of spectacular discoveries have begun to transform our knowledge of Mani's crucial role in the spread of religious ideas and practices along the trade-routes of Eurasia. This book utilises the latest historical and textual research to examine how Mani was remembered by his followers, caricatured by his opponents, and has been invented and re-invented according to the vagaries of scholarly fashion.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 95
- Zacagni, 1698, Collectanea Monumentorum Veterum Ecclesiae Graecae ac Latinae.
- Tardieu, M. ‘Archelaus’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, updated 11 August 2011, available at www.iranicaonline.org/articles/archelaus-author (accessed on 26 April 2017).
- Puech, 1949, Le Manichéisme. Son fondateur – Sa doctrine
- Tardieu, 1982, Les manichéens en Égypte, Bulletin de la Société Française d’Egyptologie, 94, 5
- Puech, 1948, Satan, 136
- Tubach, 2001, Augustine and Manichaeism in the Latin West, 272, 10.1163/9789004439894_021 · DOI
- Stroumsa, 2000, Studia Manichaica. IV. Internationaler Kongress zum Manichäismus, Berlin, 14.–18. Juli 1997, 601
- Sundermann, 1981, Mitteliranische manichäische Texte kirchengeschichtlichen Inhalts. Berliner Turfantexte 11, 10.1515/9783112729618 · DOI
- 10.1524/aofo.1987.14.12.41 · DOI
- Reck, 2009, New Light on Manichaeism. Papers from the Sixth International Congress on Manichaeism, 225, 10.1163/ej.9789004172852.i-286.65 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0041977X00138935 · DOI
- Reeves, 1997, Emerging from Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources, 217, 10.1163/9789004439726_009 · DOI
- Polotsky, 1934, Manichäische Homilien.
- Richter, 2008, Christianity and Monasticism in Upper Egypt, 1, 121
- Roberts, 1938, Catalogue of the Greek and Latin Papyri in the John Rylands Library
- Sundermann, 1985, Ein manichäisch-sogdisches Parabelbuch, 10.1515/9783112592328 · DOI
- 10.1353/earl.2016.0007 · DOI
- Sundermann, W. ‘Mani’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, updated 20 July 2009, available at www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mani-founder-manicheism (accessed on 19 March 2016).
- Reeves, 2011, Prolegomena to a History of Islamicate Manichaeism, 10.1558/isbn.9781845538514 · DOI
- Schaeder, 1927, Vorträge der Bibliothek Warburg, Vorträge 1924/25, 65
- Henning, 1936, Neue Materialien zur Geschichte des Manichäismus, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 90, 1
- Gardner, 2016, Dualismes, 417
- Boyce, 1975, A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian, 10.1163/9789004671041 · DOI
- Baur, 1931, Das Manichäische Religionssystem nach den Quellen neu untersucht und entwickelt
- Stroumsa, 2010, A New Science: The Discovery of Religion in the Age of Reason, 10.2307/j.ctv1dhph75 · DOI
- Pedersen, 2004, The Work’s Sources, Aims, and Relation to Its Contemporary Theology
- Gardner, 2018, New Readings in the Coptic Manichaean Homilies Codex, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 205, 118
- Clark, 2013, Uygur Manichaean Texts, Volume II: Liturgical Texts
- 10.1017/S0041977X00135761 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0041977X00090133 · DOI
- 10.1163/ej.9789004161801.i-181 · DOI
- Shaked, 1971, The Notions mēnōg and gētīg in the Pahlavi Texts and Their Relation to Eschatology, Acta Orientalia, 33, 71
- Hegemonius, 1906, Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte
- 118 Sundermann, W. ‘Manicheism v. Missionary Activity and Technique’, Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, updated 20 July 2009, available at www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-iv-missionary-activity-and-technique- (accessed on 19 March 2016).
- 10.1163/1573384X-20180402 · DOI
- Luttikhuizen, 1985, The Revelation of Elchasai: Investigations Into the Evidence for a Mesopotamian Jewish Apocalypse of the Second Century and Its Reception by Judeo-Christian Propagandists
- Klimkeit, 1993, Gnosis on the Silk Road
- 10.2307/j.ctv43vr7b.8 · DOI
- BeDuhn, 2015, Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings. Studies on the Chester Beatty Kephalaia Codex, 52
- Koenen, 1988, Der Kölner Mani-Kodex. Über das Werden seines Leibes. Kritische Edition
- Tardieu, 2008, Manichaeism
- Drijvers, 1966, Bardaiṣan of Edessa, 10.1163/9789004354791 · DOI
- Luttikhuizen, 2006, Gnostic Revisions of Genesis Stories and Jesus Traditions, 10.1163/9789047417057 · DOI · Paper page
- Gardner, 2007, Frontiers of Faith: Encounters between Christianity and Manichaeism in the Acts of Archelaus, 33, 10.1163/ej.9789004161801.i-181.16 · DOI
- Klíma, 1960, Iranische Miszellen II.3: Sagān bānbišn, M 3, Archiv orientální, 28, 464
- de Jong, 2014, Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians: Religious Dynamics in a Sasanian Context, 129
- Gardner, 2013, Once More on Mani’s Epistles and Manichaean Letter-Writing, Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum, 17, 291
- Polotsky, 1940, Kephalaia (I): 1. Hälfte
- 10.1080/00210860208702022 · DOI
- 10.2307/j.ctt13wwxb1.6 · DOI
- Sundermann, 1997, Manicheismo e Oriente Cristiano Antico. Atti del Terzo Congresso Internazionale, 343
- Gardner, 2015, Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings. Studies on the Chester Beatty Kephalaia Codex, 10.1163/9789004282629 · DOI
- de Blois, 1990, Burzōy’s Voyage to India and the Origin of the Book of Kalīlah wa Dimnah
- Hegemonius, 2001, Acta Archelai (Acts of Archelaus)
- Drower, 1959, The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans
- Agathias, 1975, The Histories, Volume 2, Part 1
- Arnold, 1698, Unparteyische Kirchen- und Ketzer-Historie
- Funk, 1993, A Work Concordance to Unedited Coptic Manichaean Historical Texts
- 10.1017/S0017383500009761 · DOI
- 10.1163/9789004363403 · DOI
- Hartmann, 2001, Das palmyrenische Teilreich
- Skjaervø, 1995, Au carrefour des religions. Hommages à Philippe Gignoux, 263
- de Beausobre, 1739, Histoire critique de Manichée et du manichéisme, Tome second
- Gardner, 2015, Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings. Studies on the Chester Beatty Kephalaia Codex, 159, 10.1163/9789004282629_008 · DOI
- Funk, 1999, Kephalaia I, Zweite Hälfte
- 10.1163/ej.9789004165977.i-646.19 · DOI
- Koenen, 1990, Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis. Atti del Secondo Simposio Internazionale, 1
- Deeg, 2011, Indian Influence on Mani Reconsidered. The Case of Jainism, International Journal of Jaina Studies, 5, 158
- Giversen, 1986, The Manichaean Coptic Papyri in the Chester Beatty Library, I. Kephalaia
- Allberry, 1938, A Manichaean Psalm-Book: Part II
- 10.1163/9789004328914 · DOI
- 10.1163/160984912X13309560273975 · DOI
- Franzmann, 2012, Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton), 215
- Gardner, 2015, Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings. Studies on the Chester Beatty Kephalaia Codex, 1, 10.1163/9789004282629 · DOI
- Gulácsi, 2014, The Prophet’s Seal: A Contextualized Look at the Crystal Sealstone of Mani (216–276 CE) in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 24, 161
- Ries, 1957, Introduction aux études manichéennes. Quatre siècles de recherches, Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, 33, 453
- Klein, 2005, Il Manicheismo. Nuove Prospettive della Ricerca. Quinto Congresso Internazionale di Studi sul Manicheismo, 223
- 10.1017/S0017816000021180 · DOI
- Gardner, 2017, Manichaeism East and West, 82
- 10.1163/9789004308947 · DOI
- Worp, 2016, Mélanges Jean Gascou. Textes et études papyrologiques (P.Gascou), 435
- 10.1353/jla.2011.0003 · DOI
- 10.1177/030751336204800116 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0041977X00072244 · DOI
- Hyde, 1700, Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum
- Gulácsi, 2015, Picturing Mani’s Cosmology: An Analysis of Doctrinal Iconography on a Manichaean Hanging Scroll from 13th/14th-Century Southern China, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 25, 55
- Gardner, 2010, Religion and Retributive Logic: Essays in Honour of Professor Garry W. Trompf, 147
- Herman, 2016, Between Babylonia and the Land of Israel: Studies in Honor of Isaiah M. Gafni, 79
- Stroumsa, 1984, Gnosis und Politik, 141
- von Mosheim, 1753, De Rebus Christianorum ante Constantinum Magnum Commentarii
- Pettipiece, 2009, The Buddha in Early Christian Literature, Millennium, 6, 133, 10.1515/9783110208887.133 · DOI
- 10.1017/CBO9780511616891 · DOI
- Gardner, 2015, Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings. Studies on the Chester Beatty Kephalaia Codex, 75, 10.1163/9789004282629_005 · DOI
- Cirillo, 2001, Concordanze del Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis
- Baronius, 1590, Annales Ecclesiastici
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nasoraia, B. H. S. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16010014
Metadata
- Authors
- Gardner, I., & BeDuhn, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Northern Arizona University (US)
- ORCID
- BeDuhn, Jason
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2020-01-16
- OpenAlex
- W4235024330
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Eurasian Exchange Networks
- Keywords
- Mani, Manichaeism, Sasanian Empire, religious history, Manichaeans, religious memory, interreligious debate, Zoroastrians, Buddhists, Gnostics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review