The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Warfare in Bronze Age Society
Abstract
Warfare in Bronze Age Society takes a fresh look at warfare and its role in reshaping Bronze Age society. The Bronze Age represents the global emergence of a militarized society with a martial culture, materialized in a package of new efficient weapons that remained in use for millennia to come. Warfare became institutionalized and professionalized during the Bronze Age, and a new class of warriors made their appearance. Evidence for this development is reflected in the ostentatious display of weapons in burials and hoards, and in iconography, from rock art to palace frescoes. These new manifestations of martial culture constructed the warrior as a 'Hero' and warfare as 'Heroic'. The case studies, written by an international team of scholars, discuss these and other new aspects of Bronze Age warfare. Moreover, the essays show that warriors also facilitated mobility and innovation as new weapons would have quickly spread from the Mediterranean to northern Europe.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Major corridors played a role in the circulation and deposition of martial prestige goods.
“underscoring the role of major corridors in the circulation and deposition of martial prestige goods (Horn and Kristiansen 2018, Kristiansen 2002, Suchowska-Ducke 2015).”
From Comparing Connectivity Patterns in Prehistoric Germany by Means of Network Analysis, Artefact and Site Distribution and a Reassessment of Human Mobility ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) (2026) · cites this paper as Horn and Kristiansen 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 68
- E. N. Arkush and M. W. Allen (eds.), The Archaeology of Warfare. Prehistories of Raiding and Conquest (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006).
- M. Bartelheim and H. Stäuble (eds.), The Economic Foundations of the European Bronze Age. Forschungen zur Archäometrie und Altertumswissenschaft (Rahden/ Westfalen: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 2009).
- D. Brandherm, 'Use-wear on Bronze Age halberds. The case of Iberia', in M. Uckelmann and M. Mödlinger (eds.), Bronze Age Warfare. Manufacture and Use of Weaponry (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011), pp. 23-38.
- S. D. Bridgford, 'Mightier than the pen? An edgewise look at Irish Bronze Age sword', in J. Carman (ed.), Material Harm. Archaeological Studies of War and Violence (Glasgow: Cruithne Press, 1997), pp. 95-115.
- S. D. Bridgford, Weapons, Warfare and Society in Britain 1250-750 BC. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (2000).
- J.-H. Bunnefeld and S. Schwenzer, 'Traditionen, Innovationen und Technologie- transfer. Zur Herstellungstechnik und Funktion Älterbronzezeitlicher Schwerter in Niedersachsen', Prähistorische Zeitschrift 86 (2011), 207-253.
- A. Cansi, E. Gaspari and C. Maino, 'Cutmarks da lama metallica sui resti scheletrici degli armati dela necropoli del Bronzo medio e recente di Olmo di Nogara (Verona). Traumi inflitti, trapanazioni terapeutische e leione postdeposizionali', Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 33 (2009), 133-148.
- J. Carman and A. Harding (eds.), Ancient Warfare (Stroud: The History Press, 1999).
- J. Christensen, 'Warfare in the European Neolithic', Acta Archaeologica 75 (2004), 129-156.
- I. Colquhoun, 'Irish swords. Use and abuse', in M. Uckelmann and M. Mödlinger (eds.), Bronze Age Warfare. Manufacture and Use of Weaponry (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011), pp. 107-116.
- A. Dolfini, 'The function of Chalcolithic metalwork in Italy. An assessment based on usewear analysis', Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (2011), 1037-1049.
- T. Earle, J. Ling, C. Uhner, Z. Stos-Gale, and L. Melheim, 'The political economy and metal trade in Bronze Age Europe: Understanding regional variability in terms of comparative advantages and articulations', European Journal of Archaeology (2015), 1-25.
- K. M. Frei, U. Mannering, I. Van den Berghe and K. Kristiansen, 'Bronze Age wool trade: provenance and dye investigations of Danish textiles', Antiquity (in press).
- H. Fyllingen, 'Society and violence in the Early Bronze Age. An analysis of human skeletons from Nord-Trøndelag, Norway', Norwegian Archaeological Review 36 (2003), 27-43.
- H. Fyllingen, 'Society and the structure of violence. A story told by Middle Bronze Age human remains from central Norway', in O. Ton, H. Thrane and H. Vandkilde (eds.), Warfare and Society. Archaeological and Social Anthropological Perspectives (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2006), pp. 319-329.
- A. Gilman, 'Prehistoric European Chiefdoms. Rethinking "Germanic" Societies', in T. D. Price and G. M. Feinman (eds.), Foundations of Social Inequality (New York: Plenum Press, 1995), pp. 235-254.
- P. Gleirscher, 'Some remarks on the Iceman. His death and his social rank', Prähistorische Zeitschrift 89 (2014), 40-54.
- P. Gostner and E. Egarter Vigl, 'Beitrag zur Abklärung der Todesursache des Mannes aus dem Eis', in A. Fleckinger (ed.), Die Gletschermumie aus der Kupferzeit 2/La mummia dell'età del rame 2 (Bozen/Wien: Folio Verlag, 2003), pp. 57-64.
- C. Gutiérrez Sez and I. M. Lerma, 'Traceology on metal. Use-wear marks on copper- based tools and weapons', in J. M. Marreiros, J. F. Gibaja Bao and N. Ferreira Bicho (eds.), Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology (Cham: Springer Verlag, 2015), pp. 171-188.
- S. Hansen, 'Der Held in historischer Perspektive', in T. Link and H. Peter-Röcher (eds.), Gewalt und Gesellschaft. Dimensionen der Gewalt in ur-und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 2014), pp. 159-168.
- A. Harding, Salt in Prehistoric Europe (Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2013).
- A. Harding, R. Šumberová, C. Knüsel, and A. Outram (eds.), Velim. Violence and Death in Bronze Age Bohemia: The Results of fieldwork 1992-95, with a Consideration of Peri- mortem Trauma and Deposition in the Bronze Age (Prague: Archeologický ústav AV CR, 2007).
- M. K. Holst, M. Rasmussen, K. Kristiansen and J.-H. Bech, 'Bronze Age "Herostrats". Ritual, political, and domestic economies in Early Bronze Age Denmark', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79 (2013), 265-296.
- C. Horn, 'Deliberate destruction of halberds', in M. Uckelmann and M. Mödlinger (eds.), Bronze Age Warfare. Manufacture and Use of Weaponry (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011), pp. 53-65.
- C. Horn, 'Weapons, fighters and combat. Spears and swords in Early Bronze Age Scandinavia', Danish Journal of Archaeology 2 (2013a), 20-44.
- D. Jantzen, U. Brinker, J. Orschiedt, J. Heinemeier, J. Piek, K. Hauenstein, J. Krüger, G. Lidke, H. Lübke, R. Lampe, S. Lorenz, M. Schulte and T. Terberger, 'A Bronze Age battlefield? Weapons and trauma in the Tollense valley, north-eastern Germany', Antiquity 85 (2011), 417-433.
- D. Jantzen, J. Orschiedt, J. Piek and T. Terberger (eds.), Tod im Tollensetal. Forschungen zu den Hinterlassenschaften eines bronzezeitlichen Gewaltkonfliktes in Mecklenburg- Vorpommern 1. Die Forschungen bis 2011 (Schwerin: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 2014).
- L. H. Keeley, War before Civilization. The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
- A. Kern, K., Kowarik, A. -W., Rausch and H. Reschreiter (eds.), Kingdom of Salt. 7000 Years of Salt in Hallstatt (Vienna: Natural History Museum, 2009).
- K. Kristiansen, 'The consumption of wealth in Bronze Age Denmark', in K. Kristiansen and C. Paludan-Müller (eds.), New Directions in Scandinavian Archaeology (Copenhagen: The National Museum of Denmark, 1978), pp. 158-190.
- K. Kristiansen, 'Krieger und Häuptlinge in der Bronzezeit Dänemarks. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des bronzezeitlichen Schwertes', Jahrbuch des Römisch-GermanischenZen- tralmuseums 31 (1984), 187-208.
- K. Kristiansen, 'The emergence of warrior aristocracies in later European prehistory', in J. Carman and A. Harding (eds.), Ancient Warfare. Archaeological Perspectives (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), pp. 175-189.
- K. Kristiansen, 'The tale of the sword. Swords and swordfighters in Bronze Age Europe', Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21 (2002), 319-332.
- K. Kristiansen, 'Kriegsführung in der Bronzezeit', in Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Eremitage St. Petersburg, Historisches Museum Moskau and Staatliches Puschkin Museum der Bildenden Künste (eds.), Bronzezeit: Europa ohne Grenzen (Berlin: Tabula Rasa, 2013), pp. 194-205.
- K. Kristiansen and T. B. Larsson, The Rise of Bronze Age Society. Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- K. Kristiansen and P. Suchowska-Ducke, 'Connected histories. The dynamics of Bronze Age interaction and trade 1500-1100 BC', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81 (2015), 361-392 doi:10.1017/ppr.2015. · DOI
- S. Matthews, 'Chelsea and Ballintober swords. Typology, chronology and use', in M. Uckelmann and M. Mödlinger (eds.), Bronze Age Warfare. Manufacture and Use of Weaponry (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011), pp. 85-106.
- D. Miller 2000 The Epic Hero. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- B. Molloy, 'What's the bloody point? Fighting with Irish weapons', in B. Molloy (ed.), The Cutting Edge. Studies in Ancient and Medieval Combat (Stroud: Tempus, 2007), pp. 90-112.
- B. Molloy, 'Martial arts and materiality. A combat archaeology perspective on Aegean swords of the fifteenth and fourteenth centuries BC', World Archaeology 40 (2008), 116-134.
- B. Molloy, 'For gods or men? A reappraisal of the function of European Bronze Age shields', Antiquity 83 (2009), 1052-1064.
- B. Molloy, 'Use-wear analysis and use-patterns of Bronze Age swords', in M. Uckelmann and M. Mödlinger (eds.), Bronze Age Warfare. Manufacture and Use of Weaponry (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011), pp. 67-84.
- J. Müller, 'Demographic traces of technological innovation, social change and mobi- lity: From 1 to 8 million Europeans (6000-2000 BCE)', in S. Kadrow and P. Włodarczak (eds.), Environment and Subsistence -Forty Years after Janusz Kruk's 'Settlement studies . . . ' (Bonn: Mitel & Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt, 2013), pp. 1-14.
- J. Müller, 'Bronze Age social practices: Demography and economy. Forging long distance exchange', in P. Suchowska-Ducke, S. S. Reiter and H. Vandkilde (eds.), Forging Identities. The Mobility of Culture in Bronze Age Europe (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 2015), pp. 231-236.
- R. O'Flaherty, The Early Bronze Age Halberd in Ireland: Function and Context. PhD thesis, University of Dublin (2002).
- R. O'Flaherty, 'A weapon of choice. Experiments with a replica Irish Early Bronze Age halberd', Antiquity 81 (2007), 423-434.
- R. O'Flaherty, M. D. Gilchrist and T. Cowie, 'Ceremonial or deadly serious? New insight into the function of Irish Early Bronze Age halberds', in M. Uckelmann and M. Mödlinger (eds.), Bronze Age Warfare. Manufacture and Use of Weaponry (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011), pp. 39-52.
- J. Petrasch, 'Mord und Krieg in der Bandkeramik', Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 29 (1999), 505-516.
- M. Przybyla, A. Szczepanek and P. Wlodarzak (eds.), Koszyke, stanowisko 3. Przemoc i rytual u schylku Neolitu/Koszyce, SIte 3. Violence and Ritual at the End of the Neolithic (Krakow: Pekowice, 2013).
- B. Quilliec, 'Use, wear and damage. Treatment of bronze swords before deposition', in C. Hamon and B. Quilliec (eds.), Hoards from the Neolithic to the Metal Ages. Technical and Codified Practices (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2008), pp. 67-78.
- S. Ralph (ed.), The Archaeology of Violence. Interdisciplinary Approaches (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2013).
- K. Randsborg, Hjortspring. Warfare & Sacrifice in Early Europe (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1995).
- L. Salzani (ed.), La necropoli delle 'eta del bronzo all 'Olmo di Nogara (Verona: Museo civico di storia natural, 2005).
- T. Sarauw, 'Male symbols or warrior identities? The "archery burials" of the Danish Bell Beaker culture', Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26 (2007), 65-87.
- P. Schauer, 'Eine urnenfelderzeitliche Kampfweise', Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 9 (1979), 69-80.
- R. J. Schulting, 'War without warriors? The nature of interpersonal conflict before the emergence of formalized warrior elites', in S. Ralph (ed.), The Archaeology of Violence. Interdisciplinary Approaches (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2013), pp. 19-36.
- R. J. Schulting and L. Fibiger (eds.), Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones. Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective (Oxford University Press, 2012).
- H. -P. Stika and A. G. Heiss, 'Plant cultivation in the Bronze Age', in H. Fokkens and A. Harding (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 348-363.
- T. Terberger, A. Dombrowsky, J. Dräger, D. Jantzen, J. Krüger and G. Lidke, 'Professionelle Krieger in der Bronzezeit vor 3300 Jahren? Zu den Überresten eines Gewaltkonfliktes im Tollensetal, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern', in T. Link and H. Peter-Röcher (eds.), Gewalt und Gesellschaft. Dimensionen der Gewalt in ur- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit (Bonn: Habelt, 2014), pp. 93-109.
- M. Teschler-Nicola, F. Gerold, F. Kranz, K. Lindenbauer and M. Spannagl, 'Anthropologische Spurensicherung. Die traumatischen und postmortalen Veränderungen an den linearbandkeramischen Skelettresten von Asparn/ Schletz', Archäologie in Österreich 7 (1997), 4-12.
- O. Ton, H. Thrane and H. Vandkilde (eds.), Warfare and Society. Archaeological and Social Anthropological Perspectives (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2006).
- P. Treherne, 'The warrior's beauty: The masculine body and self-identity in Bronze- Age Europe', Journal of European Archaeology 3.1 (1995), 105-144.
- M. Uckelmann and M. Mödlinger (eds.), Bronze Age Warfare. Manufacture and Use of Weaponry (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011).
- H. Vandkilde, S. Hansen, K. Kotsakis, K. Kristiansen, J. Müller, J. Sofaer and M.-L. Stig Sørensen, 'Cultural mobility in Bronze Age Europe', in P. Suchowska- Ducke, S. S. Reiter and H. Vandkilde (eds.), Forging Identities. The Mobility of Culture in Bronze Age Europe (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 2015), pp. 5-39.
- H. Vandkilde, 'Archaeology, theory, and war-related violence. Theoretical perspec- tives on the archaeology of warfare and warriorhood', in A. Gardner, M. Lake and U. Sommer (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Theory (Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
- J. Wahl, H. G. König and J. Biel, 'Anthropologisch-traumatologische Untersuchung der menschlichen Skelettreste aus dem bandkeramischen Massengrab bei Talheim, Kreis Heilbronn', Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg 12 (1987), 65-193.
- P. L. Walker, 'A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence', Annual Review of Anthropology 30 (2001), 573-596.
- J. York, 'The life cycle of Bronze Age metalwork from the Thames', Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21 (2002), 77-92.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schjerven, N., Bilotti, G., Kempf, M., & Reiter, S. S. (2026) · OPEN Archaeology · doi:10.1515/opar-2025-0077
Metadata
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2018-04-06
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 0
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review