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What Makes Biology Unique?: Considerations on the Autonomy of a Scientific Discipline
Abstract
This book, a collection of essays written by the most eminent evolutionary biologist of the twentieth century, explores biology as an autonomous science, offers insights on the history of evolutionary thought, critiques the contributions of philosophy to the science of biology, and comments on several of the major ongoing issues in evolutionary theory. Notably, Mayr explains that Darwin's theory of evolution is actually five separate theories, each with its own history, trajectory and impact. Natural selection is a separate idea from common descent, and from geographic speciation, and so on. A number of the perennial Darwinian controversies may well have been caused by the confounding of the five separate theories into a single composite. Those interested in evolutionary theory, or the philosophy and history of science will find useful ideas in this book, which should appeal to virtually anyone with a broad curiosity about biology.
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“The summary representation of any emotion category is an abstraction that need not exist in nature”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Mayr, 2004
In the citing paper
“Despite some of life’s unique features (Mayr, 2004) all basic life processes remain in principle explainable within the constraints of normal physics and chemistry.”
From Phenomenal Consciousness and Emergence: Eliminating the Explanatory Gap (2020) · cites this paper as Mayr, 2004
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Taking Evolution SeriouslyPreprint
Lewis, O. A., & Steinmo, S. H. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 26
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“We propose frugivory and seed dispersal can be understood as a teleonomic process of bioinformatics (sensu Mayr 2001) that leads to the construction of niches not only for the birds and plants directly involved in the process, but for the myriad biodiversity that forests actively shaped by birds…”
BackgroundLifestyle, diet, and disease: comparative perspectives on the determinants of chronic health risks
Leonard, W. R. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207466.003.0020 · Cited by 26
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“Besides other innovative ideas proposed by Darwin, the common descent among all life forms united all living beings into a singularity point in the past (Mayr 2004).”
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“out regard to pragmatic goals [57, 63-65].”
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“They include, in biology, Lorenz [64] and Mayr [68]; in physics, Bohr [69], in intelligence and cognitive aspects of the brain, Minsky [70] and Simon [71]; in chemistry, Prigogine [55] and Lehn [72] and in philosophy itself, Hartman [73] and Bunge [60].”
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Quantum Indeterminism, Mutation, Natural Selection, and the Meaning of Life
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“47 What determines the extent of phenotypic diversity within populations still requires much 48 study (Mayr 1997, 2004), especially in behavioural traits such as human hand preference 49 (McManus 2002; Tommasi 2009; Rodriguez et al. 2010).”
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The Complexity of Cell-Biological Systems
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“…existence of dynamic fractals can be of basic significance for the It has become almost common place in the biological literature to refer to the influential work of the science historian and epistemologist Tomas Kuhn in order to analyze paradigmatic shifts in science (Strohman, 1997; Mayr, 2004).”
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Woolhouse, M. E. J., & Antia, R. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207466.003.0016 · Cited by 19
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“(Mayr, 2007).”
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“…2010; Popper, 1974) take this as evidence that evolutionary biology is something like an “inferior science”, others interpret it as evidence that science does not require the formulation or identifica‑ tion of laws (Beatty, 1995; Lockwood, 2007; Mayr, 2004; O’Hara, 2005; Pigliucci, 2002).”
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“Mayr (2004) correctly pointed out that biology is an unusual scientific discipline.”
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Intimate relations: Evolutionary conflicts of pregnancy and childhood
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“The view that eventually won out regards mechanisms of inheritance as somehow intrinsic to the organization of the organism itself, and is commonly perceived to have settled around the 1930s and 40s (Mayr 2004), then also starting to incorporate the concept of the gene (Fox Keller 2002, Kay 2000).”
BackgroundLezon, T. R., Banavar, J. R., & Maritan, A. (2006) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/18/3/007 · Cited by 14
“Mayr wrote [108] that ‘Most theories in biology are based not on laws but on concepts.”
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“…self-references and in general telicity, the latter referring to processes owing their goal-directedness to the influence of an evolved program (Mayr, 2004), conceivable, but the formulation unfolds a syntax that organizes communication simpliciter, i.e., communication restricted semiotically…”
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“The antidote for typological thinking is population thinking, which Mayr (2004) defined as “the realization that in biological populations. . . every individual is unique.””
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Darwinian Evolution: Evolution in Action Across Life at "Evolution Canyon", Israel
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Systematics and the origin of species: An introduction
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Anthropomorphic machines: alien sensation and experience in nonhumans created to be like us
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The paradoxical nature of nature
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What Constitutes an Explanation in Biology?
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Genome heterogeneity drives the evolution of species
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Metacognitive Regulation of Essentialism in the Teaching of Evolution
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Astrobioethics: a brief discussion from the epistemological, religious and societal dimension
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“The idea of telos must not be understood as an a priori goal but as a teleonomic process, ‘processes that owe their goal directed to the influence of an evolved program’ (Mayr, 2004, p. 242).”
BackgroundHuman genetic variation of medical significance
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Interpreting the History of Evolutionary Biology through a Kuhnian Prism: Sense or Nonsense?
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Multiple Explanations in Darwinian Evolutionary Theory
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Introducing Evolutionary Thinking For Medicine
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Feminist Biologies: Revising Feminist Strategies and Biological Science
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“At its core, NeoDarwinism is an ecological theory in which populations of organisms are constantly adapting to changing environmental conditions over time (Mayr 1997; 2004).”
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“…basis that Kuhn’s account of scientific change does not work for fields and theories outside those from which it was originally developed, namely, the physical and astronomical sciences (Mayr, 1994, 2004; notable exceptions to this have been Greene, 1981; O’Malley & Boucher, 2005; Pigliucci, 2012).”
BackgroundThe Darwin -Wallace myth of 1858
Bock, W. J. (2009) · Proceedings of the Zoological Society · doi:10.1007/s12595-009-0001-9 · Cited by 10
Who is afraid of scientific imperialism?
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Fuzzy Sets and Systems and Philosophy of Science
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Ideas about the Human Body among Secondary Students in South Africa
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“Complex life and in particular intelligent life is presumably much scarcer than simple, mono-cellular life (e.g. Mayr 2004), and hence the distances to the nearest broadcasting civilizations may be very large, possibly beyond the detection range of present, and perhaps even future radio telescopes.”
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Addressing Diverse Motivations to Enable Bioinspired Design
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“In contrast, biology is grounded in fundamental research of complex biological systems (Mayr 2004).”
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“…American evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr (1904– 2005) described the reductionist approach as follows: “as soon as one has completed the inventory of each of [the components], it should be an easy task to explain also everything observed at the higher levels of organization” (Mayr, 1997, 2005).”
BackgroundBiological Evolution on Display: an Approach to Evolutionary Issues Through a Museum
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On predictions and laws in biological evolution
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On the Importance of Being Ernst Mayr
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Biologically Organized Quantum Vacuum and the Cosmic Origin of Cellular Life
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Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) and the new philosophy of biology
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mayr, E.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mayr, Ernst
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2004-08-09
- OpenAlex
- W2889338382
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 57.45
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Evolution and Science Education
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- evolutionary theory, history of evolutionary theory, philosophy of biology, natural selection, common ancestry, allopatric speciation, Darwinian evolution, Ernst Mayr
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