The fine-tuning problems of particle physics and anthropic mechanisms

Abstract

Open questions in particle physics Each field has a set of questions which are universally viewed as important, and these questions motivate much of the work in the field. In particle physics, several of these questions are directly related to experimental problems. Examples include questions such as: Does the Higgs boson exist and, if so, what is its mass? What is the nature of the dark matter in the Universe? What is the mechanism that generated the net number of baryons in the Universe? For these topics, there is a well posed problem related to experimental findings or theoretical predictions. These are problems that must be solved if we are to achieve a complete understanding of the fundamental theory. There also exists a different set of questions which have a more aesthetic character. In these cases, it is not as clear that a resolution is required, yet the problems motivate a search for certain classes of theories. Examples of these are the three ‘naturalness’ or ‘fine-tuning’ problems of the Standard Model; these are associated with the cosmological constant Λ, the energy scale of electroweak symmetry-breaking ν and the strong CP-violating angle θ . As will be explained more fully below, these are free parameters in the Standard Model that seem to have values 10 to 120 orders of magnitude smaller than their natural values and smaller than the magnitude of their quantum corrections.