The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and their Limitations
Abstract
Having identified proportionality as the main tool for limiting constitutional rights, Aharon Barak explores its four components (proper purpose, rational connection, necessity and proportionality stricto sensu) and discusses the relationships between proportionality and reasonableness and between courts and legislation. He goes on to analyse the concept of deference and to consider the main arguments against the use of proportionality (incommensurability and irrationality). Alternatives to proportionality are compared and future developments of proportionality are suggested.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The reasoning behind this step is strongly linked to the moral and political background of the individual arguments and the context of the given society. 21 35”
From Dark side of the principles of non-discrimination and proportionality: the case of mandatory vaccination (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“An MVP may be considered proportionate in a narrower sense only when its benefits in a given society outweigh its costs.”
From Dark side of the principles of non-discrimination and proportionality: the case of mandatory vaccination (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 305
Arqueologia e história do princípio da proporcionalidade
Sampaio, J. A. L. (2022) · Espaço Jurídico Journal of Law [EJJL] · doi:10.18593/ejjl.29621 · Cited by 1
ULAŞAN, F. (2023) · Kırıkkale Hukuk Mecmuası · doi:10.59909/khm.1342235 · Cited by 1
Conceptualizing the Legal Capacity to Fundamental Rights
Gárdos–Orosz, F., & Somody, B. (2023) · Studia Iuridica Lublinensia · doi:10.17951/sil.2023.32.5.385-405 · Cited by 1
Legal Transplants: A Theoretical Framework and a Case Study from Public Law
Cohn, M. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108914741.025 · Cited by 3
From “appropriate” means to desired aims
Giles, A. J. (2023) · Revus · doi:10.4000/revus.9819 · Cited by 1
Judicial review and criminal trials: considerations in comparative law
Massaro, J. P. G., Ifanger, F. C. D. A., & de Laurentiis, L. C. (2024) · Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review) · doi:10.7769/gesec.v15i6.3748 · Cited by 1
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Constitutional Theory and Intergenerational Equity
Ribeiro, G. D. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65296-7_1 · Cited by 1
Aleksyeyeva, Y., & Pintsch, A. (2024) · Palgrave studies in European Union politics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69154-6_10 · Cited by 1
When the Kids Aren’t Alright: The Use of Facial Recognition Technologies at School
Mobilio, G. (2024) · Information technology and law series/Information technology & law series · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-639-0_3 · Cited by 2
Brandes, T. H., & Roznai, Y. (2024) · Asian Journal of Comparative Law · doi:10.1017/asjcl.2025.7 · Cited by 1
The principles of general administrative procedure
Timotijević, Đ. (2025) · Arhiv za pravne i drustvene nauke · doi:10.5937/adpn2502123t · Cited by 1
Hasanbegović, J. (2020) · Law and philosophy library · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58186-2_4 · Cited by 1
Principle of Proportionality in the Case Law of the ECtHR
Lee, H. J. (2022) · Interdisciplinary studies in human rights · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95423-9_5 · Cited by 1
Case Analysis: Non-Criminalization of Same-Sex Relations
Lee, H. J. (2022) · Interdisciplinary studies in human rights · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95423-9_7 · Cited by 1
Case Analysis: Same-Sex Marriage
Lee, H. J. (2022) · Interdisciplinary studies in human rights · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95423-9_8 · Cited by 1
Preponderance, proportionality, stepwise liability
Tuzet, G., & Esposito, F. (2023) · The International Journal of Evidence & Proof · doi:10.1177/13657127231187057 · Cited by 1
AI & Law: Case-Based Reasoning and Machine Learning
Rotolo, A., & Giovanni Sartor, B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_1009-1 · Cited by 1
Legal Reasoning under Dialogic and Procedural TurnsPreprint
Duarte, G. A. E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5147240 · Cited by 1
Analogies in investment treaty arbitration
Vadi, V. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316144879.007
Hijmans, H. (2016) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-34090-6_6
Understanding and Assessing the Contribution of the CJEU to the Mandate Under Article 16 TFEU
Hijmans, H. (2016) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-34090-6_5
Aharon Barak’s Legal Ideology in the Context of European Constitutionalism
Bieliauskaitė, J., & Šlapkauskas, V. (2017) · Baltic Journal of Law & Politics · doi:10.1515/bjlp-2017-0007
Palombino, F. M. (2017) · T.M.C. Asser Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-210-1_5
FERRAMENTAS DE TOMADA DE DECISÃO PARA A ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA SUSTENTÁVEL
Vieitez, D. L. (2018) · Revista de Direito Ambiental e Socioambientalismo · doi:10.26668/indexlawjournals/2525-9628/2018.v4i1.3934
A Constitutional Court Looking for Justification
Neto, J. A. (2018) · Ius gentium · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02263-1_6
The Principles-Theory Variant of Proportionality
Neto, J. A. (2018) · Ius gentium · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02263-1_3
A Charter of Rights with Wide Scope
Neto, J. A. (2018) · Ius gentium · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02263-1_5
On the Migration of Proportionality
Neto, J. A. (2018) · Ius gentium · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02263-1_2
Lindholm, J. (2019) · ASSER international sports law series · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-285-9_7
Капліна, О. В., & Котова, О. (2019) · Право України · doi:10.33498/louu-2019-09-065
La proporcionalidad interpretativa y la proporcionalidad constitucional
Toledo, C. A. B. (2019) · Revista del Posgrado en Derecho de la UNAM · doi:10.22201/fder.26831783e.2019.5.33
de Almeida, L. A. F. (2020) · Revista Direito Estado e Sociedade · doi:10.17808/des.55.901
Lee, H. P., Adams, M. W. R., Campbell, C., et al. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711125.005
THE RESTRICTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN A PANDEMIC CRISIS: THE CASE OF UKRAINIAN LEGISLATION
Kobetska, N. R. (2020) · Balkans Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences · doi:10.31410/balkans.jetss.2020.3.2.171-176
Schirato, V. R. (2020) · RDAI | Revista de Direito Administrativo e Infraestrutura · doi:10.48143/rdai.14.vrs
Reasons, Reasonableness, and Judicial Review
Mashaw, J. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355827.006
Fraenkel as a Social Democrat Practicing Law in Nazi Germany
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.003
Setting the Scene of a Jewish Lawyer, Like Fraenkel, in Nazi Germany
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.002
Fraenkel as a Scholar Condemning the Nazi Regime’s Dual State
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.005
Thinking about the Legal Justifications for Sabotaging a Tyrannical Regime
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.006
DemosObstacles to European Constitutionalization
Gehring, M. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.002
Dichotomy of principles and rules in R. Alexy’s dual theory of law
Sattorov, S. S. (2021) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202111801014
Accommodation Through Regulations
Wróblewska, I., & Włoch, W. (2021) · Böhlau Verlag eBooks · doi:10.7767/9783205214373.39
Safeguarding Human Rights in a Global Pandemic: Reflections on the Caribbean’s Response to COVID-19
Johns, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5285-1_26
The Nature and Purpose of the Corporation in Law
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.003
The Justification for and Contours of a Multi-Factoral Approach
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.008
Szymaniec, P. (2021) · Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Iuridica · doi:10.18778/0208-6069.96.08
A Balancing Act – Proportionality in the Corporate Sphere
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.009
The State Duty to Protect Model
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.004
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.013
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.007
The Multi-Factoral Approach and Positive Obligations for Corporations
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.010
The Question of Substantive Corporate Obligations for Fundamental Rights
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.002
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.001
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.014
Embedding the Multi-Factoral Approach in Corporations: The Role of Corporate Law
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.011
The Indirect Application Model
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.005
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.006
Corporate Obligations in a Global World: The Role of International Mechanisms
Bilchitz, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895224.012
Morris, D. G. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.008
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.001
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.010
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.009
Morris, D. G. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.011
Fraenkel as an Essayist Supporting the Illegal Underground
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.004
Gehring, M. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.001
Morris, D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872324.007
Gehring, M. W. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.009
CivitasObstacles to European Constitutionalization
Gehring, M. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.003
Gehring, M. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.006
Addressing the Legal Obstacles to EU Constitutionalization
Gehring, M. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.005
IusObstacles to European Constitutionalization
Gehring, M. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.004
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.007
Neto, J. A. (2018) · Ius gentium · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02263-1_1
Lee, H. J. (2022) · Interdisciplinary studies in human rights · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95423-9_1
Discussions on the Enforcement of Morality
Lee, H. J. (2022) · Interdisciplinary studies in human rights · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95423-9_2
Krotoszynski, R. J. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108674188.012
Macro-comparisons in investment treaty arbitration
Vadi, V. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316144879.009
Petersen, N. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316823330.001
Criminal Law-Making Power of the Legislator.Preprint
Assefa, S. K. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3800663
Gehring, M. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768399.008
Anayasal Açıdan Vergi Teşvikleri
Bayrakçı, Ö. F. (2022) · Ankara Barosu Dergisi · doi:10.30915/abd.1118351
Tendências no direito público de segurança civil
Poscher, R. (2022) · Revista de Direitos Humanos e Desenvolvimentos Social · doi:10.24220/2675-9160v2e2021a5792
The Politics of Constitutional RightsPreprint
Chilton, A. S., & Versteeg, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4097074
The Environment and the Laws of Armed Conflict
Dienelt, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99339-9_2
Proporcionalidade e a vinculação dos Direitos Fundamentais
Poscher, R., & Dalla-Barba, R. G. (2022) · Revista de Direitos Humanos e Desenvolvimentos Social · doi:10.24220/2675-9160v3e2022a7090
Matteucci, S. C., & Pignataro, M. (2022) · Espaço Jurídico Journal of Law [EJJL] · doi:10.18593/ejjl.30736
Rights and the law's progressive measuresPreprint
Webber, G. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4284820
The Constitutional Obligation of the State to Protect the Weaker Party in a Horizontal Relationship
Florczak‐Wątor, M. (2019) · European Studies. The Review of European Law, Economics and Politics · doi:10.2478/eustu-2022-0039
Sánchez, P. F. (2023) · Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional · doi:10.18042/cepc/redc.127.04
The Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic During the Emergencies
Baraník, K. (2023) · Danube · doi:10.2478/danb-2023-0007
Bhuiyan, A. U. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2579-7_11
Methodological Aspects: Curtailing “Trump Cards” Through Good Faith and Proportionality?
Vranes, E. (2023) · SpringerBriefs in law · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36702-1_4
Framing Constitutional Democracy: The European Experience
Buratti, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40872-4_6
The Citizenship Rights of Veracruz’s Roosters
Reyes, L. D. (2023) · Problema Anuario de Filosofía y Teoría del Derecho · doi:10.22201/iij.24487937e.2023.17.18214
Proportionality: Measuring Impacts on Fundamental Rights
Sampaio, J. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6519-1_838
Artificial Intelligence and Law: Case-Based Reasoning and Machine Learning
Rotolo, A., & Giovanni Sartor, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6519-1_1009
Metadata
- Authors
- Barak, A.
- Affiliations
- Reichman University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Barak, Aharon
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2012-01-19
- OpenAlex
- W4301911951
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 10.60
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Comparative constitutional jurisprudence studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal Rights and Human Rights
- Social Sciences › Law › Judicial and Constitutional Studies
- Keywords
- proportionality, constitutional rights, reasonableness, necessity, incommensurability, judicial review, limits on rights
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review