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THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890–1914
Open accessAbstract
Through an examination of the women's suffrage movement, this article reassesses the place of petitioning within late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British political culture. While critical of their Victorian predecessors’ reliance on petitions, the Edwardian women's suffrage movement did not abandon petitioning, but reinvented it. Rather than presenting a polarized view of relations between suffragettes and suffragists, the article shows how both operated on a spectrum of direct action politics through petitioning. Militants and constitutionalists pioneered new, although different, modes of petitioning that underpinned broader repertoires of popular politics, adapting this venerable practice to a nascent mass democracy. The article then situates suffrage campaigners’ reinvention of petitioning within a broader political context. The apparent decline of petitioning, long noted by scholars, is reframed as the waning of the classic model of mass petitioning parliament associated with Victorian pressure groups. The early twentieth century was a crucial period for the reshaping of petitioning as a tool for political participation and expression through myriad subscriptional forms, rather than primarily through the medium of parliamentary petitions.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The article argues that the Edwardian British women’s suffrage movement did not abandon petitioning but reinvented it, with suffragettes pioneering spectacular presentation and suffragists developing participatory signature-gathering and voters’ petitions. It reframes the apparent decline of petitioning as the waning of the classic mass parliamentary petition and the decentring of Parliament as petitions’ main destination.
Key findings
- Between 1866 and 1890, over 13,000 women’s suffrage petitions were received by the Commons, containing almost 2.8 million signatures; the 1896 Special Appeal contained over 250,000 signatures and was exhibited in Westminster Hall on 19 May 1896.
- Suffragettes used petitioning for spectacular, transgressive presentation: examples include attempts to present petitions to the prime minister and king, the 1909 Women’s Freedom League picket outside Parliament (July–October), and the May 1914 deputation to the monarch; courts reaffirmed the right to petition but denied a right to be received.
- Suffragists’ January 1910 voters’ petition campaign collected petitions in 290 of 542 English, Welsh, and Scottish constituencies, with 300,000 signatures; 244 petitions containing 278,933 signatures were presented to the Commons, accounting for 4% of the registered electorate in England, Wales, and Scotland. Of 227 petitions linked to constituencies, 137 were signed by less than 10% of electors, 60 by 10–19%, 20 by 20–29%, and 10 by 30% or more; Reigate, Barnsley, and Carlisle led at 41%, 38%, and 33%.
- The paper reframes petitioning’s decline as the waning of the classic mass petition to the Commons; by the Edwardian period petitioners increasingly addressed other authorities (prime minister, monarch, local government), and petitioning remained a widespread but largely unrecorded form of political participation after 1914.
Methods
- Historical study of petitioning practices—drafting, signing, and presentation—in the British women’s suffrage movement, c.1890–1914, comparing militant WSPU, constitutionalist NUWSS, and WFL activity.
- Draws on Select Committee on Public Petitions Reports (1867–1918), suffrage and national press (Common Cause, Votes for Women, Manchester Guardian), archival records (e.g., Women’s Library LSE, Manchester Central Library, Carlisle Archives Centre), and secondary literature; includes quantitative analysis of petition counts, signatures, and regional/constituency distribution.
Limitations
- Stated: logistical problems and stretched resources prevented suffragists from achieving blanket coverage in the 1910 voters’ petition campaign; of 244 presented petitions, 227 could be linked to constituencies, and for the remainder the division of a city or county was not given, making matching impossible.
- Stated: the paper notes that post-1920s petitioning as lobbying “remains to be examined” and that petitioning after 1914 was largely unrecorded.
- Evident from the text: the analysis relies on surviving organizational records, press reports, and parliamentary returns, so unrecorded or unarchived petitioning activity may be underrepresented; the article is focused on Britain and the suffrage case, not a comprehensive account of all Edwardian petitioning.
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Claims the paper makes
84 Sources not found · 61 Own interpretation · 9 No basis given · 2 Own result
In the paper
“In 1906, a deputation to the Liberal prime minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman presented a petition from 1,500 women university graduates.62”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
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In the paper
“Like free trade activists displaying big and little loafs in their shops, suffragists occupied retail premises decked with colourful decorations, placards, and posters, which acted as hubs for local activity.82”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistical problems and stretched resources prevented suffragists from achieving blanket coverage across the country, even in areas of strength.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, instead of maximizing signatures from the general public, suffragists sought to mobilize particular groups of women through petitions.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“The voters' petitions departed from existing petitioning practice in two ways.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“The London Society worked 'night and day' to co-ordinate activity across 58 contested elections over a 10 day period. 86”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“In Edinburgh, Dundee, and Exeter women were prevented from standing within the gates of polling stations.90”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“Once the signature-gathering process was complete, suffragists held local ceremonies in which a deputation handed the voters' petition over to the local MP.84”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Total | 244 | | 278,933 | |”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > VI
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In the paper
“It was designed to be exhibited rather than presented to the Commons.64”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“In Birmingham one man scribbled over the petition sheet, 'spoiling fifteen names'.91”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“Major societies co-ordinated campaigns within their regions, while elsewhere activity was left to local associations, or dynamic individuals.81”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“The nine constituencies of Manchester and Salford had 270 polling stations, which would have required 'at least a thousand workers', whereas local suffragists 'could not muster much more than 100'.85”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“Even then, it was not possible to cover everywhere, leading one activist to grumble that there was no petition for the voters to sign 'at the poll' in St. Pancras West.87”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“A post-election memorandum on the London elections noted that while party agents had been friendly and the police protective, the 'voters themselves were less friendly, and were often hard to convince'.92”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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- Not matchedcites [92]
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, suffragists organized high-profile singular petitions that demonstrated popular support for women's suffrage but which were open for inspection.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirdly, and most significantly, suffragists adapted petitioning for an era of mass electoral politics through soliciting petitions from male electors, initially at byelections in 1908-9 and culminating in a national petition campaign during the January 1910 general election.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“Referring to abuses that had 'thrown discredit upon Parliamentary petitions', Black described her petitionary document as a declaration, with the safeguard that the signatures 'are, and will be, open to public inspection'.68”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“Clementina Black's 1906 suffrage declaration, an independent scheme endorsed by the NUWSS, was similar to the Special Appeal.67”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“The NUWSS supported special campaigns in seven constituencies represented by cabinet ministers or prominent anti-suffragists, but otherwise activity was organized locally.80”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“Conceived in 1894, the Special Appeal was designed to 'bring the whole mass of signatures under the attention of each member' in a single document representing 'women of all classes, parties, and occupations'.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“The Speaker gave permission for the document, which contained over 250,000 signatures, to lie in the Commons Library, but refused suffragists' request to be heard at the bar of the House.65”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“In Manchester, police prevented canvassers from standing close to the polling station, with the consequence that petition sheets were reduced to 'pulp' in the rain.89”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“Manchester was 'placarded with giant posters, red, white, and green [the NUWSS colours], in the centre of which is a huge facsimile in white of the petition sheet'.83”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“The petitions reflected the 'strength' of the NUWSS, which lay 'not in its power to create a sensation, but in the fact that it is so widespread and so democratic'.71”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“In eleven constituencies, petitions were signed by 10 per cent or more of the electorate, with 47 per cent signing in Dumfries Burghs, 32 per cent in Derbyshire High Peak, 30 per cent in Sheffield Attercliffe, 25 per cent in Mid-Derbyshire, and 20 per cent in Edinburgh East, and Cleveland.76”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“The results from trialling the initiative at 13 by-elections between December 1908 and summer 1909 were encouraging, leading the Cumberland suffragist Catherine Marshall to hail the voters' petitions as one of the NUWSS's 'most successful branches of work'.75”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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In the paper
“After canvassing in south London, Cyril Johnson complained that 'I have not been more successful in obtaining any more signatures.I find the stupid & suicidal policy of the militants in continually exhorting voters”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After a hiatus, the Special Appeal was finally allowed to be exhibited in Westminster Hall on 19 May 1896.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suffrage campaigners were not alone in criticizing the traditional mode of petitioning in the late nineteenth century, but this led them to not to abandon, but reinvent the practice of petitioning.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > I
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In the paper
“The historical and social science literature emphasizes that petitions facilitate political expression, participation, and representation, and enable the recruitment of activists, the building of networks, the mobilization of support, and the articulation of collective identities, and this remains the case regardless of the response of authorities.35”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
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In the paper
“The suffrage campaign was founded through the 1866 petition to the House of Commons, and activists drew on an even longer tradition of women petitioning parliament.3”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Suffragists or constitutionalists associated with the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) were equally sceptical about petitioning a parliament of men.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Early nineteenth-century radical campaigns revealed that the proscription of petitions with over twenty signatures was unenforceable, but the state resisted the right of petitioners (even when in groups of ten) to present their petitions.43”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
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In the paper
“In the case of suffrage, Lisa Tickner has written, activists sought to stage events that were 'topical, sensational and amenable to vivid illustration' and catered to the new popular press and photography.48”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
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In the paper
“This was partially qualified by the 1661 Act against Tumultuous Petitioning (Car.II, c. 13), which stated that petitions to parliament or the king had to be signed by twenty or fewer individuals, only ten of whom could present their petition.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While suffragettes and suffragists drew on a shared tradition, their contrasting perspectives led them to rework the practice of petitioning in different directions.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > I
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the May 1914 deputation to the monarch is a good late example of the spectacular, transgressive quality of suffragette petitioning captured in the iconic photographs of Emmeline Pankhurst's arrest outside Buckingham Palace (Figure 2).”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Petitioning activity in
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The answer is that petitioning remained a key method of political expression and participation for women, and facilitated a broad range of activity, as we shall see.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The value of petitioning for activists was that it facilitated different types of direct action, including the creation of spectacles and powerful incursions into exclusively male political environments, as well as mobilizing support in a variety of ways.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The militant reworking of petitioning was part of a wider shift towards visuality within political culture that was evident in the proliferation of vivid party posters, or the political use of pageantry.47”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Petitioning is a practice that serves multiple purposes, as the growing scholarship on the history of petitions has made clear.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
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boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Clause 5 of the Bill of Rights, which was inscribed on WFL members' badges, guaranteed the right of British subjects to petition the monarch, and, by extension, petitioners argued, their ministers.42”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The militant reinvention of petitioning was grounded in a radical interpretation of constitutional history, which emphasized the 'right of resistance to political tyranny', and stressed the paramount importance of the presentation of petitions.38”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Petitioning the prime minister was an acknowledgement that the government controlled the legislative process, and a significant move away from petitioning the Commons in favour of private members' bills.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Petitioning activity in
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Militants and constitutionalists pioneered new, although different, modes of petitioning that underpinned broader repertoires of popular politics, adapting this venerable practice to a nascent mass democracy.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Militants never received their audience with the king.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Petitioning activity in
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The last efforts led to the arrest of Emmeline Pankhurst, among others, and to the WFL's long picket outside parliament (July-October), waiting for the prime minister to receive their deputation.45”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early twentieth century petitioning was reworked as a mechanism for political participation and expression that took myriad forms, and parliament was increasingly decentred as the main locus for the reception of petitions.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Authorities resisted their demands, and they were unable to broaden the right of petition to encompass a right of audience.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Petitioning activity in
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Suffrage activity contributed to the surge in petitions between the Second Reform and the Third Reform Acts (1867-85) (Figure 1)”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > I
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Between 1866 and 1890, over 13,000 petitions in favour of women's suffrage were received by the Commons, containing almost 2.8 million signatures. 4”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Key to the spectacle of suffragette petitioning was its transgressive edge in women seeking access to elite male space in the sites of political power, namely parliament, No. 10 Downing Street, and Buckingham Palace, representing a direct visual challenge to the male polity.50”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Petitioning activity in
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At both the trial and subsequent appeal (July and December 1909) the magistrate and the lord chief justice reaffirmed the right to petition, but denied that this encompassed a right for petitioners to be received.46”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Petitioning further helps to understand the different shades of militancy, which far from being the opposite of constitutionalism, built on well-established practices and ideas.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the spectacular presentation of petitioning underpinned a broader repertoire of protest, suffragettes experienced similar frustrations to early nineteenth century radicals.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Petitioning activity in
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suffragettes recast petitioning in ways that allowed them to legitimize protest in the heart of the political system, create arresting spectacles, and claim access to elite male political space.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, petitions from the women's parliament were presented to the prime minister (February 1907, February 1908); activists attempted to throw petitions into the king's coach on its way to the state opening of parliament (January 1908); and further attempts were made to personally present petitions to Asquith (June and July 1909).”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > II
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“during which there were almost 17,000 petitions for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, containing 2.5 million signatures, and over 100,000 petitions for or against various temperance bills, containing over 19 million signatures.21”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > I
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While petitioning was deeply entrenched in the repertoire of activists, petitions to the Commons suffered from diminishing returns in terms of attracting public, media, and parliamentary attention.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > I
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if petitioning had proved to be unsuccessful, and if exercising their constitutional liberties led to their arrest on public order offences, then this only served to highlight the emptiness of women's political rights without the vote.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Petitioning activity in
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While critical of their Victorian predecessors reliance on petitions, the Edwardian women's suffrage movement did not abandon petitioning, but reinvented it.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suffragettes pioneered the spectacular presentation of petitions, while suffragists used the signature-gathering process to facilitate a participatory, democratic, decentralized politics.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While initiative petitions to trigger referendums never developed in Britain as they did in the United States, where they emerged in the early twentieth century”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > IV
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [142]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This, then, was a period of changes, some of which proved to be long lasting, and experimentation with a variety of possibilities, only some of which were realized.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > IV
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although suffragists avoided describing the voters' petitions as a referendum, it was an attempt to measure the support of electors nationally on a single issue during a time-limited poll.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suffragists conceived voters' petitions as a constructive way of engaging with the electoral process that, unlike the WSPU's opposition to Liberal candidates, avoided polarizing opinion along party lines, and furthermore, would educate voters on the difference between suffrage organizations.73”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Holding such rituals in constituencies rather than Westminster was a symbolic choice that reminded MPs of the local impact of vote, and also underlines the difference between suffragist practice and the metropolitan focus of the WSPU.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through signing petitions, suffragists engendered grassroots activism, facilitated interactions between local and Westminster politics, fostered decentralized, participatory political cultures, mobilized support in different ways, and, finally, in 1910, engaged with the electoral process on a national scale.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across Edwardian political culture there was a shift away from petitioning parliament to appealing to a range of authorities, a greater emphasis on the visuality and spectacle of petitioning as part of multi-media campaigns, and new links between petitioning and other types of activity, including referendums.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > IV
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Petitioning was a flexible, mutable tool that was used by all shades of the suffrage movement because it underpinned a broader repertoire of activism and fostered political cultures.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > VI
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Voters' petitions were an important move away from traditional modes of petitioning towards more direct electoral involvement and were a stepping stone to the NUWSS's 1912 commitment to aid Labour candidates via an Election Fighting Fund.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outside of party activism, the voters' petition campaign represents one of the most extensive, co-ordinated examples of women's involvement with a general election before their enfranchisement in 1918.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the case of suffrage also shows that petitioning is not a substitute for other forms of activity, but is at its most powerful when it is integrated with such action as part of an organized campaign.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > VI
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Abandoning 'general petitioning by non-voters' to parliament, the preferred tactic of their Victorian predecessors, suffragists were equally innovative in developing new forms of petitioning.59”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of petitioning to hold an unofficial referendum was a significant innovation, highlighting the evolution and continued relevance of petitioning in an era of mass electoral politics.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Contemporary criticisms of epetitions for their lack of perceived efficacy in achieving immediate change 145 miss this point that 'the petition itself is a technology [of recruitment]' whether in paper or digital form.146”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > VI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [145]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [146]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The example of suffrage highlights the historic significance of petitioning in forming social movements and underpinning collective action.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > VI
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Firstly, the policy acknowledged that the votes of men carried more weight than women's petitions and sought to turn this to the movement's advantage.74”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [74]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“which historians have taken as evidence that suffragism had developed into a formidable, dynamic mass movement on the eve of the First World War.144”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > VI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [144]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suffragists made the signature-gathering process central to their political practice, and, as with the suffragettes, they persisted with petitioning as it facilitated and underpinned a broad range of political activity.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > III
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Understanding the centrality of petitioning to suffrage activity also complicates our understanding of the relationship between suffragettes and suffragists by placing them on a spectrum of direct action politics and showing the interconnectedness between militancy and constitutionalism.”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > VI
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > IV
“In 1928, when equalization was finally achieved, suffragists presented a petition to the prime minister Stanley Baldwin, asking him to prioritize the measure, but their attempt to present a letter to the king was frustrated.122”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > References
“122 The Scotsman, 8 Feb. 1828, p. 8.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| West Midlands | 16 | 7.79 | 13,057 | 4.68 |”
§ THE BRITISH WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF PETITIONING, 1890-1914* > VI
Reported 7.79 · recomputed 6.557377
Citations
Cites
Cox, G. W. (1987) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571473 · Cited by 587
Book Review: Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women 1850–1920
Liddington, J., & Vicinus, M. (1986) · Feminist Review · doi:10.1057/fr.1986.39 · Cited by 398
The Efficient Secret: The Cabinet and the Development of Political Parties in Victorian England
Rothblatt, S., & Cox, G. W. (1988) · The Journal of Interdisciplinary History · doi:10.2307/204683 · Cited by 382
Separate Spheres: The Opposition to Women's Suffrage in Britain
Rosen, A., & Harrison, B. H. (1979) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/84.4.1057 · Cited by 227
The spectacle of women: imagery of the suffrage campaign, 1907-14
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-4642 · Cited by 224
"One Hand Tied behind Us": The Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement
Stansell, C., Liddington, J., Norris, J. M., & DuBois, E. C. (1980) · Feminist Studies · doi:10.2307/3177650 · Cited by 207
Free Trade Nation: Commerce, Consumption and Civil Society in Modern Britain
Toye, R. (2009) · The English Historical Review · doi:10.1093/ehr/cep015 · Cited by 204
Feminism and Democracy: Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900–1918
Holton, S. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 196
Signatures of Citizenship: Petitioning, Antislavery, and Women's Political Identity
Varon, E. R., & Zaeske, S. (2003) · Journal of the Early Republic · doi:10.2307/3595051 · Cited by 145
Richardson, D. C., & Oldfield, J. R. (2000) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/220311 · Cited by 128
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Porritt, 1893, The Englishman at home
- Leneman, 1995, A guid cause: the women's suffrage movement in Scotland
- Thane, 2010, Women and citizenship in Britain and Ireland in the twentieth century: what difference did the vote make?
- Purvis, 2000, Votes for women
- Hume, 1982, The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, 1897–1914, 62
- Blackburn, 1902, Women's suffrage: a record of the women's suffrage movement in the British Isles
- 10.1093/ehr/116.466.368 · DOI
- Redlich, 1908, The procedure of the House of Commons
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Introduction: The Transformation of Petitioning in the Long Nineteenth Century (1780–1914)
Miller, H. (2019) · Social Science History · doi:10.1017/ssh.2019.24 · Cited by 16
Self-citationMulyo, M. T., Jandra, M., & Munifah, M. (2025) · Al-Manahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam · doi:10.24090/mnh.v19i1.13247 · Cited by 8
The Contested Right of Public Meeting in England from the Bill of Rights to the Public Order Acts
Navickas, K. (2022) · Transactions of the Royal Historical Society · doi:10.1017/s0080440122000032 · Cited by 4
Monteith, E. A., & Kennedy, R. (2025) · a/b Auto/Biography Studies · doi:10.1080/08989575.2025.2534264 · Cited by 1
Perception of honor killing: The role of culture, gender, and moral beliefsPreprint
Daryani, Y., & Hejazi, E. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tg8ux · Cited by 1
Miller, H. (2021) · Historia y Política Ideas Procesos y Movimientos Sociales · doi:10.18042/hp.46.06
Self-citationReview of periodical literature for 2021
Varian, B. D. (2022) · The Economic History Review · doi:10.1111/ehr.13233
AGUBATA, E. (2024) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Keseliratan Kepimpinan Wanita dalam Masyarakat Sivil di Malaysia
(2023) · Journal of Ethnic and Diversity Studies · doi:10.17576/joeds-2023-0102-06
Metadata
- Authors
- MILLER, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- MILLER, HENRY
- ORCID
- MILLER, HENRY
- Venue
- The Historical Journal
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2020-04-23
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 332-356
- ISSN
- 0018-246X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5103
- OpenAlex
- W3005812856
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Historical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Historical Gender and Feminism Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › European Political History Analysis
- Keywords
- women's suffrage movement, petitions, suffragettes, suffragists, direct action, Edwardian era, mass democracy, political participation, British political culture, late 19th century, early 20th century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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