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THE METAMORPHOSIS OF THE EGYPTIAN MUSLIM BROTHERS
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Jihane al-Halafawi's small apartment above a barbershop in Alexandria is exceedingly orderly, a cool oasis on a sweltering summer afternoon. Plant leaves brush up against curtains undulating with the breeze from the nearby Mediterranean. As she walks into the living room with a tray full of cakes and tea, al-Halafawi is the picture of a kindly Egyptian mother, a genuine smile gracing her youthful face. But when this fifty-year-old mother of six and grandmother announced her candidacy for Egypt's parliamentary elections in fall 2000, the state geared up a massive security force outside polling stations; leftists shrugged her off as a “front” for her husband; and state feminists dedicated to the electoral empowerment of women were silent. When Halafawi outperformed her ruling-party rival in the first round, despite rigging, the Interior Ministry promptly stepped in and canceled the results on the pretext of respecting an earlier court ruling postponing the elections.
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“There is also a substantial literature on the development of hybrid theodemocratic ideologies and constitutional visions by Islamist groups out of power before 2011 (Baker 2006, El-Ghobashy 2005, Harnisch & Mecham 2009, March 2013, Rutherford 2006, Stilt 2010, Wickham 2013).”
From Political Islam: Theory (2015) · cites this paper as El-Ghobashy 2005
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Research works printed but not linked: 17
- I use the terms "Society of Muslim Brothers," "Muslim Brothers," and "Ikhwan" interchangeably in this article. The ubiquitous "Muslim Brotherhood" is a glaring but persistent mistranslation, reinforcing mystification of the Ikhwan's genesis and development. Issues of translation are more than semantic. The sociologist Bryan Turner proclaims, "Indeed, the word brotherhood itself indicates the presence, in Weber's of closed/communal ties within the open/associational world of state arrangements": Bryan Turner, "Islam, Civil Society, and Citizenship: Reflections on the Sociology of Citizenship and Islamic Studies," in Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications, ed. Nils Butenschon (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2000), 28-48. Arabic-speaking scholars are not immune from mistranslation. The highest post of the Muslim Brothers, the general guide (al-murshid al-āmm), is rendered ominously the "Grand Master" in Larbi Sadiki, The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 358.
- Seymour Martin Lipset "Introduction," in Robert Michels, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy (New York: Free Press, 1962), 19.
- Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), 177-200.
- Adam Przeworski and John Sprague, Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
- Stathis N. Kalyvas, "Commitment Problems in Religious Democracies: The Case of Religious Parties," Comparative Politics 32, 4 (2000): 379-98.
- Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003), 18. 9 Ibid., 3-29.
- Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement 1928-1942 (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1998).
- Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 236, 245. 13 Lia, Muslim Brothers in Egypt, 249. 14 Mitchell, Muslim Brothers, 307-13.
- For the "takeover" view, see Turner, "Islam, Civil Society, and Citizenship," 47; Sheri Berman, "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society," Perspectives on Politics 1, 2 (2003): 257-72;
- Amani Qandil, "al-Tayar al-islami dakhil jam at al-masalih fi misr" (The Islamist Trend in Egyptian Interest Groups), Qadaya fikriyya (October 1989): 162-68. See also Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), chap. 8. 35 John Waterbury, "Democracy without Democrats? The Potential for Political Liberalization in the Middle East," in Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, ed. Ghassan Salame (London: I. B. Tauris, 1994), 45.
- Najib Ghadbian, Democratization and the Islamist Challenge in the Arab World (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997), 76. 39
- See three such press releases in Muhammad Muru, al-Haraka al-Islamiyya fi misr min 1928 ila 1993 (The Islamist Movement in Egypt from 1928 to 1993) (Cairo: al-Dar al-Misriyya li-l-Nashr wa al-Tawzi , 1994), 199-201. The Ikhwan's brokerage is reported in Robert Fisk, "Deal Silences the Cairo Hard Men," The Independent, 11 September 1994.
- See his seminal al-Muslimun wa-l-aqbat fi itar al-jama a al-wataniyya (Muslims and Copts in the National Community), 2nd ed. (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1988). For analysis of Bishri's concept of citizenship, see Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 243-92.
- Anthony Shadid, Legacy of the Prophet: Depots, Democrats, and the New Politics of Islam (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2002), 253-71. See also Tal at Rumeih, al-Wasat wa-l-Ikhwan (The Wasat and the Brothers) (Cairo: Markaz Yafa li-l-Dirasat wa-l-Nashr, 1997).
- Eryan, "The Reform That Needs to be Realized," al-Dimuqratiyya 4, 13 (2004): 111-14;
- Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski, "Why Parties Fail to Learn: Electoral Defeat, Selective Perception and British Party Politics," Party Politics 10 (2004): 85-104.
- Katrina Burgess and Steven Levitsky, "Explaining Populist Party Adaptation in Latin America," Comparative Political Studies 36 (2003): 881-911.
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March, A. F. (2015) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250 · Cited by 78
Metadata
- Authors
- El-Ghobashy, M.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- El-Ghobashy, Mona
- Venue
- International Journal of Middle East Studies
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-07-22
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 373-395
- ISSN
- 0020-7438 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-6380
- OpenAlex
- W2162578013
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 29.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal Middle East Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Multiculturalism, Politics, Migration, Gender
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East Politics and Society
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Islamic Studies and History
- Keywords
- Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, political transition, women in politics, electoral fraud, state repression, Islamist movements
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