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Old Questions, New Data, and Alternative Perspectives: Families' Living Standards in the Industrial Revolution
Abstract
We have used the household accounts of 1,350 husband-wife families to investigate trends in male earnings and family incomes. This evidence confirms the material progress suggested by trends in the real wage rates of adult males. But the budget data underscore occupational and regional distinctions, discontinuities in the growth process, and changes over time in the ability of other family members to offset the effects of the business cycle on men's earnings. Overall, family incomes grew less than male earnings.
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If the real wages/earnings of employed manual workers were about the same in 1830 and 1840, then their annual income must have declined, on average, during this period.
“If the real wages/earnings of employed manual workers were about the same in 1830 and 1840, as the estimates of Feinstein and Horrell and Humphries suggest, then their annual income must have declined, on average, during this period.”
From The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto (1998) · cites this paper as Horrell and Humphries, 1992
The real wage series in Table 1 show that real wages/earnings of manual workers and their families increased significantly from around 1820 to 1851.
“The series in the first three columns all show that real wages/earnings of manual workers and their families increased significantly from around 1820 to 1851, although the series reported by Lindert and Williamson (1983) and Horrell and Humphries (1992) are more “optimistic” than the series reported by Feinstein (1995).”
From The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto (1998) · cites this paper as Horrell and Humphries, 1992
Real wages of manual workers increased substantially in the first half of the 1830s, but then fell back in the second half, so that wages around 1840 were nearly identical to those in 1830.
“Feinstein (1995) and Horrell and Humphries (1992) both find that real wages of manual workers increased substantially in the first half of the 1830s, but then fell back in the second half, so that wages around 1840 were nearly identical to those in 1830, as shown in the second and third columns of Table 1.”
From The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto (1998) · cites this paper as Horrell and Humphries, 1992
Citations
Cites
Industrialization and Regional Inequality: Wages in Britain, 1760–1914
Hunt, E. H. (1986) · The Journal of Economic History · doi:10.1017/s0022050700050658 · Cited by 226
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto
Boyer, G. R. (1998) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.12.4.151 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Horrell, S., & Humphries, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Humphries, Jane
- Venue
- The Journal of Economic History
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1992-12
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 849-880
- ISSN
- 0022-0507 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-6372
- OpenAlex
- W2109639206
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 10.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic History (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Historical Economic and Social Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- living standards, Industrial Revolution, household accounts, household income, male earnings, real wages, business cycles, occupational differences, regional variation, material progress
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