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Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades
Open accessAbstract
Museums have long been thought to be vital contributors to nation building and the creation of identity narratives, yet the stories they tell must be negotiated within the constraints set by differing levels of interpretive freedom. This paper examines how museum exhibitions changed between 1982 and 2009 at the museums serving the five capital sites of the non-Chinese Kitan-Liao dynasty (907–1125). While some of these places, such as Beijing, have now become unquestionably central to the national narrative, others are deep in rural areas and are peripheral even to provincial concerns. Exhibitions at these five museums vary considerably in the degree to which they either consider the Kitan and the Liao dynasty in their own right or attempt to place them within a national narrative. The wide range of approaches reflects the differing present-day concerns of the museums’ host locations, as well as the new multivocality that is developing in—among other places—China's regional cultural institutions.
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59 Own interpretation · 57 No basis given · 43 Own result · 13 Sources not found · 8 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
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In the paper
“Exhibitions at these five museums vary considerably in the degree to which they either consider the Kitan and the Liao dynasty in their own right or attempt to place them within a national narrative.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Abstract
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In the paper
“The Kitan-Liao exhibitions on the third level included porcelains, wooden tomb furniture, wall-mural fragments, photographs of murals and sites, ornaments, and stone tomb epitaphs.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
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In the paper
“The Kitan were located in 'ancient North China' but were otherwise not claimed overtly for the multicultural Chinese nation.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
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In the paper
“The emphasis is much more on the agriculture that took place in the capital's surrounding areas.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“The northeastern museums of Inner Mongolia and Liaoning reflected Chinese archaeological trends in that they emphasized the Neolithic over the historical.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
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In the paper
“Another secondary panel described Kitan dress and hairstyles in contrast to Central Plains dress (see Figure 2), thus tacitly recognizing the Kitans as non-Chinese, while never overtly claiming such.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
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In the paper
“One secondary interpretation panel described everyday utensils with reference to trade with surrounding peoples and Central Asia, but not the Central Plains, and took this as a demonstration of the power of the Kitan state.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
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In the paper
“Each of the four exhibition rooms emphasized one culture within its time frame-Neolithic, Bronze Age, Liao, and Mongol-Qing-displaying the most characteristic examples of artefacts collected or excavated within the large Chifeng territory.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Chifeng Museum 45
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In the paper
“Liao objects were sparse even at the Supreme Capital Museum.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
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In the paper
“The issue of dating the Liao is thus elided”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“The exhibition displays Bronze Age and Liao finds from excavations within the site and from the Ningcheng region, with the Liao exhibition being used as a window onto mid-to late Liao society, economy, and culture.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“The English translation of this text faithfully reproduces the further claim that Liao culture came primarily from the grasslands, with support from Confucian (that is, Chinese) culture, which marks the ethnographic difference between Kitan and Han Chinese.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
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In the paper
“Museums in 2007-2009 and up to the present are still administratively controlled by national, provincial, and city cultural affairs bureaus but their roles are now strictly limited to exhibition, preservation, conservation, research, and education.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
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In the paper
“Most dramatic is the top-floor display of three large wooden coffin chambers in different shapes (see Figure 5), with original and reproduction tomb mural-paintings hung around the walls of the exhibition hall.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
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In the paper
“Instead of labels, a one-page, image-heavy, Chinese-English pamphlet focused on the Liao (dated to 907) and described the Buddhist imagery, but did not mention the Ming and entirely ignored any wider context.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is a striking open display-almost a life-sized diorama (see Figure 4)-of farming implements and the 'five grains' associated with Chinese agriculture, as well as several examples of the very large ceramic storage jars held by the Museum.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“The Liao founder, Abaoji, united the tribes in 907 and declared himself emperor in 916.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
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In the paper
“Every exhibition is housed in clean, well-lit cases, and benefits from modern museological methods.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
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In the paper
“The Nincheng museum is the site museum for the Central Capital, which was founded in 1006 and also used by the subsequent Jin, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, though never again serving as a capital.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“The site of the Liao Supreme Capital lies in the highly fertile grasslands of the Shira Muren river valley some 190 kilometres north of Chifeng.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
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In the paper
“Here, the Chinese introductory text places the Kitan within multicultural China by proclaiming Shangjing the first capital to be established in the grasslands by one of 'China's (woguo or 'our country') northern minority peoples'.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
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In the paper
“while Balinyouqi's introductory leaflet simply claims the region as an important ancient place of origin for 'the peoples of China'.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
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In the paper
“The ground floor is devoted to the Supreme Capital itself, with a diorama of the city showing Liao administrative divisions and the wider geographical context, maps including tomb-and other sites, and large stone sculptures.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
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In the paper
“A large diorama of the city includes what are clearly intended to be representative yurts in certain areas, but also shows many more permanent buildings, both administrative and residential.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“In these museums the provenance of objects is usually stated if possible; indeed, the extensive interpretation frequently includes photographs, maps, and other information about excavations.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“More explicitly, Shenyang's exhibition guide made the then-standard observation that the region's distinctive character developed from a historically multicultural mix in which the Kitan (with the Liao dated to 916) were one among many and that the Han nationality took the principal role”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Here, incoherent displays-comprising pottery, gaming pieces, a spindle whorl, bone carvings, dice, a comb, cast bronze pieces and figures in stone and in clay-did not provide context for understanding these objects, even to the extent of grouping together the dice and gaming pieces.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
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In the paper
“According to an introductory panel, the Liao exhibition is divided into four sections: 'Clues from Liao tombs', 'The magnificent old city', 'A close study of the temple', and 'Life in the city', although these divisions are not marked out within the display hall and are crosscut by freestanding and wall-mounted cases displaying a selection of Liao pottery forms.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“The region administered by Chifeng City contains two of the Liao capital cities-the Supreme Capital at Balinzuoqi and the Central Capital at Ningcheng.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“Unlike the sidelining of the Liao in the other museums, in Datong's Huayan temple in northern Shanxi, a region desired but never controlled by the Song dynasty, there was an exhibition of Liao art and architecture.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
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In the paper
“The exhibition begins with a selection of tomb epitaphs that include examples in both Kitan and Chinese scripts.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
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In the paper
“In 2009 a reproduction of a camel cart excavated from a tomb was added to this room.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
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In the paper
“As at Ningcheng, but unusual in Liao displays elsewhere, the ceramics include numerous complete examples of the unglazed wares that dominate-as broken sherds-Liao-period surface survey finds.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
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In the paper
“Beside the city site is an enormous new four-storey museum with themed rooms displaying Liao finds from the city and surrounding area, including some from excavations of nearby tombs.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
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In the paper
“Labels and panels refer to dynasties-which provide a basic sequence of events within a culture that routinely divides history in this way-but the actual years associated with those dynasties are absent.The only date appearing in our photographs refers to the excavations of the city site in 1959-1960.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Capital Museum traced Beijing's history through the same sequence, but omitted its time as the Liao Southern Capital (938-1122), mentioned only one Liao artefact in its guide, and did not give any dates for the dynasty.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fourth room included objects from the Yuan, Ming, and Qing periods but chiefly offered ethnographic displays of Mongolian cultural artefacts which made clear the Mongols' 'minority' status and distinguished them from the Chinese.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several 'cockscomb' pots were dated more closely, as 'mid-to late Liao', and two of these, along with a flower-painted plate, were from a tomb (Baiyin'aobao M1) where skeletons and wall paintings had also been found, but the significance of tomb and finds went unexplained.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These gleaming edifices stand in the heart of their cities, with all but the Capital Museum occupying one side of a spacious plaza facing the local government offices.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moving upstairs there are rooms focusing on ceramics, burial, and religious paraphernalia, including textiles, and wall murals and furniture from tombs.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Ningcheng and Datong museums had been refurbished with new cases and displays, but the others had been rehoused in gigantic new buildings.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The temple is a Liao structure within the empire's Western Capital that, despite extensive rebuilding by the Jin dynasty, retains numerous original wall paintings and Buddhist statuary in its Lower Temple.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most labels and much interpretive text include translations into English and sometimes Japanese and Mongolian.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ceramics are the best understood materials in Chinese archaeology, and here the interpretive text offers detailed analysis, noting the continuation of the 'turtle pot' form from the Eastern Zhou (770-221 BCE), distinguishing 'Central Plains' from 'Kitan' forms, and listing five types of cockscomb pot.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These include ox-leg bottles, cockscomb flasks, and phoenix-head jars, which are so characteristic of the dynasty that they must be included, even though they do not fit into the four-section interpretive scheme.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Liao took over the city site from the Balhae/Parhae (Korean language romanization) or Bohai (Chinese language romanization), 51 and transplanted sizeable populations to farm the surrounding lands, 52 but the capital was destroyed by the Jin, 53 and the landscape is now predominantly grassland.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extensive Chinese-only interpretive text in bite-sized chunks presents a good deal of straightforwardly factual evidence in a scientific tone; for instance, applying a deductive method to an exhibit of lead ingots to suggest possible products of an associated smeltery, and describing the state of the Baiyin'aobao tomb (noted above) and its contents.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarities to Song culture are sometimes spelled out, for instance in comparisons of agricultural tools and calligraphy, although the latter is suggested to be because most of the calligraphers were Han Chinese.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Museum, located in Shenyang, the provincial capital, began in 1948 as the Northeast Museum.First housed in a warlord's abandoned mansion, it then moved to a new, purposebuilt building within the same compound in 1989.Outgrowing this building, it is now located on a public plaza opposite the Shenyang City Government (rather than the Liaoning Provincial Government, as one might have expected).”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liaoning Provincial Museum in Shenyang
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority of artefact labels do not specify that the items date from the Liao, which seems to be presumed by the context of the Museum as a whole, although in most cases we are told when and where objects were found.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multicultural phenomena are also noted, such as entertainers being drawn both from among the Kitan and imported from the western regions, Central Plains, and the Balhae Kingdom to the east; and the mixed nature of burial customs and of the wall paintings in the tombs of those bearing the Han surname group (a Han Chinese family that served the Liao rulers for generations).”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adoption of agriculture and the spread of weaving are attributed to Abaoji's relocation of captured Han and Balhae households to the Supreme Capital region, and Song coins are taken as evidence of heavy Han Chinese influence on the commercial development of the capital, although the same panel also notes the large amounts of silver paid annually to the Liao by the Song after the Treaty of Sh”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small selection of impressive Kitan cultural artefacts is displayed, although these are silently diluted by their interspersed placement with items from the Tang, from one of the two Five Dynasties regimes that controlled Youzhou, and from the Song dynasty, which never did control the region.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Capital Museum in Beijing
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In one panel it is noted that Abaoji used Tang Taizong's award of position (implicitly to Abaoji's ancestors) as the basis for unifying the 'northern minorities', several of whom 'submitted' to Abaoji in the same period that he was fighting wars of conquest against the Xi (Tatabï) people of the grasslands, the Balhae, and the Yan-Yun region of northern China (the Beijing-Datong region known as the”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ceramics exhibition begins by noting porcelain as 'China's invention alone' and places Liao, Jin, and Yuan products in a Chinese tradition from which they borrowed (frequently stated) and which they also influenced (expressed once).”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Huayan Temple and the City Museum of Datong
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several panels trace the Kitans' origins to the Xianbei confederation in the fourth century, and include the strangely precise claim to 629 years of nomadic life in the Shira Muren regionimplicitly by the Kitan-before the foundation of the Liao dynasty.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further on, excavated Persian glass allows the Liao to be presented as an essential link in the Silk Roads, through which the Song gained access to long-distance overland trade.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, one description of a coffin explains how the Kitan adopted underground burial in place of their earlier practice of exposing the corpse in a tree deep in a mountain range.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the explanatory panels the regime's start date is given as 907 and there is no shying away from the strengths of the Liao.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those below the provincial level often appear freer to interpret their materials without the patriotic educational overlays found in provincial museums.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Museums have also been affected by the rise of a middle class, which has demanded more cultural venues where they and their children can enjoy their leisure.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following this central lead, provinces, cities, and counties rapidly followed suit and established local Patriotic Education Bases, many of which are also museums.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The new Patriotic Education programme, taught to every student in every grade for the last 20 years, discards these narratives of Communist Party achievements and focuses instead on the ill-treatment and resultant suffering that China experienced from the Western powers and Japan in the century before 1949.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These now typically align themselves with state-sanctioned narratives in their introductions and conclusions, while offering a more nuanced and undogmatic approach in the main text.12”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Liao was led by a non-Han group, the intermarried ruling clans of the Kitan and their allies.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These subjects only began to be broached again in the People's Republic of China from the late 1970s, when the official line incorporated the contributions of non-Han Chinese into the national narrative by declaring that all 'minorities' past and present had been part of China's history from the start.32”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More localized control has also allowed museums to retain possession of their best archaeological and historical treasures, instead of often having to surrender them to museums at higher administrative levels.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Starting with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms of the late 1980s, provinces received partial freedom to determine their affairs according to local concerns.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The later dates tend to be associated with interpretations that minimize the Liao's role in and impact on China's history, while views granting more historical agency and significance to the Kitan and their dynasty generally use the earlier dates.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This model proposes a coreperiphery relationship in which cultural development, or 'civilization' in Chinese terms, 20 gradually radiated outwards from the Central Plains to the less developed outlying areas.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Museums goals, displays, and changing interpretations of the past
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was because up until the mid-1980s, the Central Plains developmental sequence was the normative chronological model for China's development, and it was imposed upon all regions of the PRC.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Museums goals, displays, and changing interpretations of the past
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, the Liao has been shoehorned into the list of China's dynasties, although very much in a marginal position.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regional and local museums, however, can demonstrate bolder approaches to similar problems, encouraging their audiences to draw their own conclusions, as in Spain.4”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is simple in areas where their inclusion in the national history is unproblematic, such as Henan or Shaanxi, but it is more difficult in regions outside the Central Plains region of the Yellow River valley.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Museums goals, displays, and changing interpretations of the past
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1961 the National Cultural Relics Bureau devised and implemented a system to rank archaeologically recovered sites and artefacts.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Such claims are made by means of historical and archaeological evidence that 'proves' the claimants to be the origin point or earliest example of traits thought to be characteristic of the Chinese nation.5”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the PRC extends over large areas without indigenous Han Chinese populations, 'minorities' had to be incorporated into the antique origins of the nation-state, while at the same time preserving its ethnic Han Chinese character.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Museums goals, displays, and changing interpretations of the past
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The solution was the idea of 'ethnic integration' (minzu ronghe, usually translated in China as 'national integration', which is somewhat confusing in English).”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Five Dynasties and Song carry the orthodox line of legitimate Chinese imperial rule, but they were widely regarded as weak-and even embarrassing-for their inability to fulfil their basic nationalist duties of defence, first against the Kitan founders of the Liao, then the Jurchen (who established the Jin dynasty, 1115-1234), and ultimately the Mongols (Yuan dynasty, 1260-1368).”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Economic development has brought an astonishingly rapid development of domestic tourism.That this happened at the same time as the creation of new museums has been beneficial to both.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As Wang points out, this 'victimization' narrative relocates the cause of China's troubles to external sources.14”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Wang estimated that in 2008 there were more than 10,000 of these institutions around the country, intended to complement the patriotic education received in schools.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wang
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The opportunities this gave for the expression of regional identities may be traced in, among other things, the rising publication of regional histories aimed at a popular market.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Starting with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms of the late 1980s, provinces received partial freedom to determine their affairs according to local concerns.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the Deng Xiaoping era, many regional museums have attempted to insert their local historical trajectory into that of the greater nation of China.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Museums goals, displays, and changing interpretations of the past
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Starting with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms of the late 1980s, provinces received partial freedom to determine their affairs according to local concerns.
In the paper
“Archaeology has been used to provide material evidence to support the transmitted historical texts that bolstered the idea of China's unilineal development, as well as supplying outstanding examples of China's past glory.19”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Museums, as so often elsewhere, were directed towards naturalizing the nation-state by demonstrating-or helping to create-a continuous and ancient past for it.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Museums goals, displays, and changing interpretations of the past
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In response, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage issued a directive in 2002 to create more museums, and an additional directive in 2008 to abolish entrance fees for statesupported museums.17”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > China background: politics and museums
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Liao empire is problematic for China's national project.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Orthodox Chinese historiography, both past and present, traces the line of legitimate dynastic succession from the Tang through the Five Dynasties to the Song, omitting the Liao.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The wide range of approaches reflects the differing presentday concerns of the museums' host locations, as well as the new multivocality that is developing in-among other places-China's regional cultural institutions.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been a basic premise of museum studies that the Enlightenment invention of the museum was an integral aspect of the projects of modernity and nation building 1”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is, for example, no consensus as to when the Liao empire began.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“institutions in places as far apart as Scotland and Korea reflect anxieties about national identity and accordingly try to impose or direct it.3”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was the dominant power of its day and the strongest successor to the great Tang dynasty (618-907).”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These new interpretations can downplay the marginality of the location or period in the national narrative and instead emphasize other locations or periods that better exemplify the region's historical claims to belonging to the nation.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Introduction
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This allowed that the minorities had contributed to the overall development of Chinese civilization which, being more advanced, provided models and encouragement to help lift its non-Chinese neighbours to the same higher level.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This offers possibilities to see in this display a locally based, multicultural history of indeterminate yet notable length, but one that does not directly challenge the kind of national narrative that we see negotiated in some higher level museums.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our account of these museums in this period rests upon notes made at the time, pamphlets and guides, a handful of photographs, and our memories, and the analysis is accordingly briefer and less detailed than our discussions of the later period.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of trained personnel in museology became apparent at this time, with exhibitions at many museums taking the 'curiosity cabinet' approach to display: jumbled, unrelated objects were placed together in cases with little or no interpretation, although the overall organization of rooms and displays within museums tended to adhere to both revolutionary and national narratives, as noted above.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As to interpretations, these no longer present revolutionary narratives emphasizing the role of the Chinese Communist Party, but instead reflect the rising wave of Liao excavations conducted since the 1980s and engage in complex negotiations with the current stress on nationalism.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We saw this approach in the museums at lower administrative levels like Chifeng, which seem to be given more latitude in interpretation, while those at the provincial level and above more often seem to frame their holdings according to officially sanctioned interpretations.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chifeng officials, by siding with Liaoning Province and promoting the Hongshan culture as a civilization, had already participated in the original challenge to traditional understandings that Chinese civilization radiated out from a start in the Yellow River valley.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interpretation was thus rather confusing in terms of its contribution to the national story.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When historical attention returned to the Liao in the 2000s, the range of topics covered was much more diverse.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rest of the exhibition focuses on the specifics of a Kitan-led multicultural society that enjoyed exchanges in selected fields.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The text accompanying the exhibits was exclusively in Chinese, though pamphlets and postcards occasionally included some in English, Japanese or Mongolian.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Liao displays did not offer a further serious challenge to orthodoxy, but neither did they emphasize the Kitan contribution to the national story.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chinese historians' interest in the Liao died off again during the 1990s, while archaeologists were busy excavating and publishing marvellous Liao finds, chiefly from tombs.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Liao dynasty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas the Huayan temple was characterized as an overwhelmingly Liao monument, every other museum considered here clearly expressed the Party's policies on minorities.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Supreme Capital Museum offers an interesting comparison to the Central Capital Museum, as they are at the same administrative level and of the same type.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the Liao's identification as 'ethnic' could be seen to fit the standard national narrative, when combined with the Hongshan exhibition, it also contributed to providing a regional identity for Chifeng self-promotion.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > 4000-2800 BCE) dominating the Neolithic room and the Lower Xiajiadian culture (approximately 2000-1600 BCE) dominating the Bronze Age room.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These exhibitions do a good job of discharging the Museum's duty of interpreting the site, and in doing so, offer an appropriately complex representation of a culturally and economically mixed local society.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The glories of the temple and its importance for the study of China's architectural and artistic heritage could not be ignored, but neither did it or its full historical context fit readily into the model of backward minorities guided towards civilization by the Han.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observing the borrowing of sancai 'three-colour' glazed decoration from the Tang dynasty, one interpretation board emphasizes how an existing technique used on a new form produced a distinctive result.The Liao are thus given credit for creativity, but only within the context of interactions with the implicitly more advanced Chinese society of the Tang dynasty.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assembly and maintenance of exhibitions in the 1980s and 1990s reflected the lack of money in the PRC at the time, as well as years of isolation from museological developments in other parts of the world.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since neither Liao nor Jin feature in the main sequence of China's dynasties, the temple was left hanging in a temporal and political vacuum, implicitly set aside from China's 'proper' history.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“but a national directive issued in January 2008 proclaimed that all museums, memorial halls, and national patriotism education bases would offer free admission by 2009.42 Archaeological and historical sites, such as the Forbidden City, are excluded from this ruling.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At all these museums the exhibitions lacked interpretation, and exhibit labels often lacked provenance or were sometimes missing altogether.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exhibiting the presence of agriculture in a society which is often regarded as simply 'nomadic' is a useful corrective, and seems to fit well with the available archaeological data from this site and the surrounding area.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Central Capital Museum in Ningcheng
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“thus effectively claiming the region as eternally part of China and suggesting a trajectory towards the Revolution.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 1982-1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The differences do seem to broadly follow a centreperiphery pattern, but it is not quite the one that might be expected.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Some concluding thoughts
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Liaoning Provincial Museum, Datong Huayan Temple and its museum, and Beijing Capital Museum all serve regions regarded as integral parts of the PRC with important roles in the revolutionary narrative.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This balance between Chinese and Kitan artefacts supports an interpretation of harmonious cultural mixing based on separate governance for the two groups, much in accord with current governmental emphases on creating a 'harmonious society'.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Capital Museum in Beijing
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Liao empire is portrayed as a multicultural one, but it is not claimed as part of a Chinese nation nor as simply adopting Chinese civilization.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whatever the reasons, the overall result seen in the museums of Inner Mongolia, Datong, Shenyang, and Beijing is disjuncture: representations of a past that is unavoidably heterogeneous, both ethnically and temporally, and not always well integrated into 'multicultural China'; a fragmented picture of local history, withexcept in Beijing-large gaps.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Some concluding thoughts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different parts of China are portrayed as having history at different periods-of which the Liao is an important one in these regions-and almost not having any history at all in the intervening time.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Some concluding thoughts
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
In the paper
“This additional effect follows if we accept Christopher Hill's argument that a national history will acknowledge the occurrence of history only in a space claimed by the modern nation-state.63 Thus, spaces represented as lacking history in certain periods are, for those times, placed outside the range of national history altogether, regardless of what general claims may be made to national”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Some concluding thoughts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain exhibitions at Ningcheng offer ambiguities or even generate dissonance that allow for both local and 'patriotic' readings of the materials.At the Supreme Capital it is harder to see a clear option for a patriotic reading of the displays.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Supreme Capital Museum in Balinzuoqi 50
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moving on to Liaoning province, the difficulties of presenting a multicultural regional history are readily apparent at the Liaoning Provincial Museum.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liaoning Provincial Museum in Shenyang
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Liao controlled the Shenyang region and governed the Beijing and Datong regions from 936 or 938.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Some concluding thoughts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Liao controlled the Shenyang region and governed the Beijing and Datong regions from 936 or 938.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, the Kitans' distinctiveness becomes almost an exotic curiosity, an impression reinforced by a looped video showing a modern recreation of historical Kitan life on a large screen hung from the ceiling.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > The Capital Museum in Beijing
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Liaoning Provincial Museum, the Datong Huayan Temple and its museum, and the Beijing Capital Museum all serve regions that are regarded as integral parts of the PRC, with important roles in the revolutionary narrative.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Some concluding thoughts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Liaoning Provincial Museum, Datong Huayan Temple and its museum, and Beijing Capital Museum all serve regions regarded as integral parts of the PRC with important roles in the revolutionary narrative.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Historically usable by both farmers and pastoralists, the region around Chifeng was, and still is, sparsely populated, with few administrative centres-and those existing only sporadically.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Some concluding thoughts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The region around Chifeng was historically usable by both farmers and pastoralists, and remains sparsely populated with few administrative centres.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may still be convenient for the Chinese state to seek to embrace the Kitan and Liao for territorial reasons, with all the contradictions that this entails, but in terms of museum displays, the people and dynasty could only be an effective part of a coherent national project when museology was undeveloped in China, interpretations were correspondingly vague or non-existent, and museums had”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Some concluding thoughts
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exhibition's effect is to downplay the significance of the Liao by relentless stylistic comparison that eschews not only politics but even the broader cultural context such as the Liao's role in the wider Buddhist world.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Huayan Temple and the City Museum of Datong
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
The paper relies on this without support.
Starting with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms of the late 1980s, provinces received partial freedom to determine their affairs according to local concerns.
“Starting with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms of the late 1980s, partial freedom was given to the provinces to determine their affairs in accordance with local concerns.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Communism as a ruling ideology lost much legitimacy after the 1989 Tiananmen killings and was largely replaced by nationalism and capitalism.
“Communism as a ruling ideology lost much of its legitimacy after the 1989 Tiananmen killings, and has been largely replaced by nationalism and capitalism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Liao period was the first time these places became imperial capitals, and for all but Beijing the only time.
“The Liao period was the first time these places had become imperial capitals and, in fact, for all but Beijing, the only time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Museum displays can be read as evidence of the interpretations and intentions behind them.
“The curatorial process behind this variety cannot be known, so we must divine what we can from the displays themselves.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Liao established their Southern Capital at Beijing (then called Youzhou) in 938.
“The Liao established their Southern Capital at Beijing (then called Youzhou) in 938, and the dynasty receives due attention as the first regime of the imperial period to make the site of Beijing a state capital.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Liao controlled the Shenyang region and governed the Beijing and Datong regions from 936 or 938.
“The Liao controlled the Shenyang region and governed the Beijing and Datong regions from 936 or 938.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The region around Chifeng was historically usable by both farmers and pastoralists, and remains sparsely populated with few administrative centres.
“Historically usable by both farmers and pastoralists, the region around Chifeng was, and still is, sparsely populated, with few administrative centres-and those existing only sporadically.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Liaoning Provincial Museum, Datong Huayan Temple and its museum, and Beijing Capital Museum all serve regions regarded as integral parts of the PRC with important roles in the revolutionary narrative.
“The Liaoning Provincial Museum, the Datong Huayan Temple and its museum, and the Beijing Capital Museum all serve regions that are regarded as integral parts of the PRC, with important roles in the revolutionary narrative.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Liao displays 2007-2009
“The Ningcheng and Datong museums had been refurbished with new cases and displays, but the others had been rehoused in gigantic new buildings.”
§ Difficult Histories: Changing presentations of the Liao in regional museums in the People's Republic of China over three decades > Chifeng Museum 45
“At the time of our 2009 visit the city-level Chifeng Museum was still in its old building, which stood on a civic plaza in the heart of the old city centre's commercial district.”
Citations
Cites
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TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
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Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology
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Wang, Z. (2008) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00526.x · Cited by 517
A State-led Nationalism: The Patriotic Education Campaign in Post-Tiananmen China
Zhao, S. (1998) · Communist and Post-Communist Studies · doi:10.1016/s0967-067x(98)00009-9 · Cited by 514
Museums, National, Postnational and Transcultural Identities
Macdonald, S. (2015) · Museum and Society · doi:10.29311/mas.v1i1.3 · Cited by 268
Theorizing Museums: Representing Identity and Diversity in a Changing World
Barthel, D. L., Macdonald, S., & Fyfe, G. (1997) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654061 · Cited by 217
Chinese Imperial City Planning
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Chinese Imperial City Planning
Steinhardt, N. S. (1990) · University of Hawaii Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780824841478 · Cited by 147
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- Cailan, 2005, Liao Shangjing wenwu xieying
- ju, 2003, Zhongguo wenwu ditu ji: Neimenggu zizhiqi fence, 2
- Claypool, 2005, Zhang Jian and China's First Museum, Journal of Asian Studies, 64, 567
- Yongjie, 2007, Gudai Xi Liao he liuyu de youmu wenhua
- Maoli, 2006, Caoyuan yu tianyuan: Liao Jin shiqi Xi Liao he liuyu nongmuye yu huanjing
- Bing, 2006, Chifeng bowuguan wenwu dianzang
- Ning, 1989, Shoudu bowuguan, 12
- Jialuo, Liao shi huibian, 1973
- Pengying, 2009, Liao he wenming yanbian yu xiandai shehui zhuanxing
- Ouyang Xuan, 1974, Liao shi, 1, 3
- Bennett, 1995, The Birth of the Museum
- bowuguan, 1989, Liaoning lishi wenwu zhuanti chenlie
- Shouyi, Zhongguo tong shi, 1989
- Weijia, 2008, Tangmo Wudaichuqi beiqian hanren dui Qidan li guo de yingxiang, Liaoning gongcheng jishu daxue xuebao, 10
- Li, 2005, Archaeology of Asia, 153
- Fucong, 1966, Song shi xintan
- Jinsheng, 1974, Song Liao guanxi shiliao
- Congwu, 1959, Dongbei shi luncong
- Xien, 2010, Guanyu minzu ronghe de zai sikao, Xibei shida xuebao, 47, 55
- Jianhua, 2008, Da Liao gongzhu: Chenguo gongzhu mu fajue jishi
- Gaofeng, 2010, Wei Jin Nanbei chao shiqi nan, bei minzu ronghe zhi chayi, Xibei shida xuebao, 47, 50
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heritage as theatre: Reconceptualizing heritage-making in urban China
Wang, C. (2017) · China Information · doi:10.1177/0920203x17709916 · Cited by 19
Szönyi, M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118624593.refs
ASS volume 48 issue 6 Cover and Back matter
(2014) · Modern Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0026749x14000559
Metadata
- Authors
- STANDEN, N., & BENNETT, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- McGill University (CA)
- ORCID
- BENNETT, GWEN
- Venue
- Modern Asian Studies
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-10-29
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1519-1565
- ISSN
- 0026-749X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8099
- OpenAlex
- W2121457741
- Semantic Scholar
- d7189a37df611bed5a66cd96a08ffe7b5d95e819
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Modern Asian Studies (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Cultural Identity and Heritage
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Museums and Cultural Heritage
- Keywords
- Liao dynasty, regional museums, museum exhibitions, national identity, historiography, museum interpretation, multivocality, regional cultural institutions, capital city
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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