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What helminth genomes have taught us about parasite evolution
Open accessAbstract
SUMMARY: The genomes of more than 20 helminths have now been sequenced. Here we perform a meta-analysis of all sequenced genomes of nematodes and Platyhelminthes, and attempt to address the question of what are the defining characteristics of helminth genomes. We find that parasitic worms lack systems for surface antigenic variation, instead maintaining infections using their surfaces as the first line of defence against the host immune system, with several expanded gene families of genes associated with the surface and tegument. Parasite excretory/secretory products evolve rapidly, and proteases even more so, with each parasite exhibiting unique modifications of its protease repertoire. Endoparasitic flatworms show striking losses of metabolic capabilities, not matched by nematodes. All helminths do however exhibit an overall reduction in auxiliary metabolism (biogenesis of co-factors and vitamins). Overall, the prevailing pattern is that there are few commonalities between the genomes of independently evolved parasitic worms, with each parasite having undergone specific adaptations for their particular niche.
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Each large and complex helminth genome can encode 10,000-50,000 genes, compared to 20,000 in the human genome.
“Each large and complex helminth genome can encode 10,000–50,000 genes (Zarowiecki and Berriman, 2015) (compared to 20,000 in the human genome)”
From Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules (2018) · cites this paper as Zarowiecki and Berriman, 2015
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Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules
Maizels, R. M., Smits, H. H., & McSorley, H. J. (2018) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.016 · Cited by 435
Metadata
- Authors
- ZAROWIECKI, M., & BERRIMAN, M.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- ZAROWIECKI, MAGDALENA
- Venue
- Parasitology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-12-08
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S85-S97
- ISSN
- 0031-1820 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8161
- PMC
- PMC4413821
- OpenAlex
- W2134134620
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Parasitology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasite Biology and Host Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Helminth infection and control
- Keywords
- parasite evolution, nematodes, Platyhelminthes, tegument, excretory-secretory products, proteolytic enzymes, metabolic adaptation, host immune evasion, gene family expansion
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Biological Evolution, Helminths, Immune System, Nematoda, Parasites, Platyhelminths, Genome, Helminth, Transcriptome
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