The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 27 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Two Iranian loanwords in Syriac
Open accessAbstract
Abstract This article discusses two Syriac words which have been understood in many different ways by both ancient and modern scholars. The translations and etymologies previously proposed are evaluated and new explanations are offered, according to which both words, sāsgaunā “red” and syānqā “hemi-drachm”, are loanwords from Middle Persian, though unattested in that language.
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
14 Own interpretation · 12 Sources not found · 5 Not checked yet · 5 No basis given · 3 No full text of the sources · 3 Own result
In the paper
“This word seems to be attested in a single passage from the Acts of the Persian martyrs under Shapur II, where the king tries to bribe Barbaʿshmin, the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, with a golden cup containing”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Peshitta sāsgaunā is used in two contexts.”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“What is evidently the same coin is also referred to in Talmudic Aramaic as syynqʾ, pl.syʾnqy, zyʾnqy, 26 and in Mandaic as sianqa, pl.sianqia.27”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although Lorsbach was hardly correct in postulating a Persian *sūsgūn as the source of Syriac sāsgaunā, it is probable that such a form did eventually come into existence as a modification of the older *sāsgōn.”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this connection it is also worth noting the Arabic interpretation of sāsgaunā in II Chronicles 2 as swsnjrd”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the problem disappears if we replace Lorsbach's Persian *sūsgūn with a Middle Persian *sāsgōn, assuming an earlier borrowing direct from Aramaic sās, or even from Akkadian sāsu.”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The Middle Persian form *sāsgōn came from an earlier borrowing directly from Aramaic sās or Akkadian sāsu.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The obvious solution is that the compound was not formed in Syriac or Aramaic but in an Iranian language.”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Syriac gaunā 'colour' is an Iranian loanword.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both words, sāsgaunā”
§ Two Iranian > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: *siyānak was originally a hemi-drachm, as its name implies.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the discrepancy in the vocalism of the first syllable, this explanation is not wholly acceptable as formulated by Lorsbach”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, if sāsgaunā is an accurate translation of karmīl, it seems evident that its first element should be cognate with Syriac and Aramaic sās, sāsā”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“It so happens that this passage is also attested in a Sogdian version, which has”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Peshitta contrasts sāsgaunā with argāwānā, for which the meaning”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here sāsgaunā translates Hebrew karmīl”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In one group of passages it translates Hebrew taḥaš, mainly in the phrase ʿōr taḥaš”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Thus, the Syriac-Arabic lexicon of Jirjis al-Karmsaddānī (George Karmsedinoyo), composed in 1619, 18 gives the spelling swsgwnʾ, vocalized sūsgaunā, beside sāsgaunā and săsgaunā, together with a variety of definitions which largely derive from Bar Bahlul.”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Mandaic has š̤ ar danqa < Persian čahār dāng, which looks as if it should mean”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“moreover, the problem remains that our sources suggest that the syānqā is a half, or possibly a quarter, not a third of the drachm.”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An apparent difficulty with this hypothesis is of course the fact that sās-gaunā”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it would seem that the only certainty is that the word refers to a colour, or more precisely a dye-stuff, and that it is a compound containing gwnʾ”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ciancaglini
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In fact, sās is attested both in New Persian, where its modern meaning is”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of Syriac sāsgaunā to translate Hebrew taḥaš evidently depends on Jewish tradition, since its Aramaic equivalent ssgwnʾ is used for the same purpose in the Targum,foot_3 explained pseudo-etymologically in the Talmud as”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites foot_3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many of these definitions go back to the Syriac-Arabic lexicon of Bar Bahlul.4”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The meaning most commonly given for syānqā in Syriac dictionaries, both ancient and modern, is”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This interpretation goes back to Elias of Nisibis, who gives the Arabic translation niṣf dirham”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both words, sāsgaunā”
§ Two Iranian > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The Middle Persian form *sāsgōn came from an earlier borrowing directly from Aramaic sās or Akkadian sāsu.
In the paper
“The two most recent Syriac-English dictionaries 1 agree in translating sāsgaunā as”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other dictionaries translate sāsgaunā with a wide variety of colour terms including”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The last two are dyes produced from certain types of murex shell, 12 while karmīl is a red dye produced from the Armenian cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii),foot_6 apparently the same colour which is referred to in earlier books of the Hebrew Bible as tōlaʿat šānī.”
§ Two Iranian > 1. ssgwnʾ [sāsgaunā]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12]
- Not matchedcites foot_6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the first place, the hemi-drachm, which had been minted under the earliest Sasanians, had already fallen out of use by the time of Shapur II, 32 the king who is supposed to have offered”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The various manuscripts of Bar Ali's dictionary give even more alternatives, ranging from”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Mandaic sianqa contrasts with danqa”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though it does not seem to be attested in any Persian text, the fact that syānqā is a Persian word is likely from the context in which it appears and has in fact never been doubted.”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, the Persian term šaš dāng, originally”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If syānqā is a hemi-drachm it should be equivalent to three obols.”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The Sasanian drachm was equivalent to six smaller units called obols in Greek and dānaks in Persian.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Phonologically this derivation presents no problems, as an intervocalic *d regularly gives y in Middle Persian.”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, both the drachm and the hemi-drachm were coins of silver, not gold.”
§ Two Iranian > 2. synqʾ [syānqā]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Syriac gaunā 'colour' is an Iranian loanword.
“Since Syriac gaunā”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The Middle Persian form *sāsgōn came from an earlier borrowing directly from Aramaic sās or Akkadian sāsu.
“assuming an earlier borrowing direct from Aramaic sās, or even from Akkadian sāsu.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
*siyānak was originally a hemi-drachm, as its name implies.
“We may start from the assumption that *siyānak was originally a hemi-drachm as its name implies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Sasanians never minted a quarter drachm.
“since the Sasanians never minted a quarter drachm.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Sasanian drachm was equivalent to six smaller units called obols in Greek and dānaks in Persian.
“the drachm, the main unit of currency in Sasanian Iran, was equivalent to six smaller units known in Greek as obolos but in Persian as dānak, later dāng.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The standard Sasanian gold coin was the dinar, and no Sasanian king minted a half dinar.
“The fact remains that the standard Sasanian gold coin (in so far as such a thing existed, since gold was generally used only for special”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
(2019) · Hugoye Journal of Syriac Studies · doi:10.31826/hug-2019-210106
Metadata
- Authors
- Sims-Williams, N.
- Venue
- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 485-490
- ISSN
- 0041-977X (ISSN-L)
- 1474-0699
- OpenAlex
- W2739260330
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.soas.ac.uk
- Locations
- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (publishedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/J003425/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient Near East History
- Keywords
- Middle Persian, red, etymology, translation, Iranian languages, lexical borrowing
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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