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Cited by 323

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 163 of the 163 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Are there independent lexical and nonlexical routes in word processing? An evaluation of the dual-route theory of reading

Humphreys, Glyn W., Evett, Lindsay J.·1985·Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Abstract

One of the most popular and influential theories of word processing, dual-route theory, proposes that there are two functionally independent means of processing words, one involving access to lexical knowledge and the other involving nonlexical grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. Three topics germane to this theory are the processing of nonwords, spelling regularity effects, and the manner in which reading may be impaired following selective damage to either route. This paper evaluates evidence on these topics, and in each case the claims of the theory for an independent nonlexical processing route are called into question. This conclusion is further supported by a discussion of the linguistic constraints that limit any nonlexical grapheme—phoneme conversion process. Some alternative approaches to visual word processing, which share the assumption that lexical knowledge can guide the assembly of phonological information, are discussed. It is argued that these approaches should direct future research.

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Metadata

Authors
Humphreys, G. W., & Evett, L. J.
Venue
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Published
1985-12
Volume
8
Issue
4
Pages
689-705
ISSN
  • 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-1825
OpenAlex
W2134082452
Cited by
323
References
163
FWCI
43.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Are there independent lexical and nonlexical routes in word processing? An evaluation of the dual-route theory of reading. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1017/s0140525x00045684
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Humphreys, G. W., & Evett, L. J. (1985). Are there independent lexical and nonlexical routes in word processing? An evaluation of the dual-route theory of reading. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00045684

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