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Emergent bilingual students in secondary school: Along the academic language and literacy continuum
Abstract
This article offers a critical review of research about emergent bilingual students in secondary school, where the academic demands placed upon them are great, and where instruction typically remains steadfast in its monolingualism. I focus on recent scholarship about the diversity within this student population, and center on ‘students with interrupted formal education’ (SIFE, new arrivals who have no home language literacy skills or are at the beginning stages of literacy learning) and ‘long-term English language learners’ (LTELLs, primarily educated in their receiving country yet still eligible for language support services). Little has been published about these students, making this a significant area of inquiry. Moreover, both groups are characterized by poor performance and together illustrate the characteristics of secondary students at various points along an academic language and literacy continuum. While existing research provides important information to help us improve secondary schooling for emergent bilinguals, it has also perpetuated deficit views of these students by focusing solely on their perceived academic shortcomings. Grounded in a new body of research in applied linguistics that examines the students’ complex, creative, and dynamic language and literacy practices, I apply a translanguaging lens to critique the positioning of such students as deficient, with implications for research and practice.
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“However, the myth that English-only policies benefit EBs has been contested by several researchers (August et al., 2011; Menken, 2013); in fact, EBs learn better if their home language is valued and utilized as a resource using translanguaging (García & Kleyn, 2016; García & Wei, 2014) and culturally and linguistically responsive pedagogies (Gay, 2018; Villegas & Lucas, 2002).”
From "We Want Them All to Speak in English … So, no Spanish": Preservice Teachers’ Language Ideologies Towards Emergent Bilinguals (2023) · cites this paper as Menken, 2013
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Metadata
- Authors
- Menken, K.
- Affiliations
- Queens College, CUNY (US)
- Corresponding author
- Menken, Kate
- ORCID
- Menken, Kate
- Venue
- Language Teaching
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-09-24
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 438-476
- ISSN
- 0261-4448 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-3049
- OpenAlex
- W2148473153
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 190
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 32.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language Teaching (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Multilingual Education and Policy
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and experiences of immigrants and refugees
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Keywords
- emergent bilingual students, secondary schools, academic language, new arrivals, deficit views, translanguaging, language services, academic performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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