The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stigma and mental disorder: Conceptions of illness, public attitudes, personal disclosure, and social policy
Abstract
The end of the last millennium witnessed an unprecedented degree of public awareness regarding mental disorder as well as motivation for policy change. Like Sartorius, we contend that the continued stigmatization of mental illness may well be the central issue facing the field, as nearly all attendant issues (e.g., standards of care, funding for basic and applied research efforts) emanate from professional, societal, and personal attitudes towards persons with aberrant behavior. We discuss empirical and narrative evidence for stigmatization as well as historical trends regarding conceptualizations of mental illness, including the field's increasing focus on genetic and neurobiological causes and determinants of mental disorder. We next define stigma explicitly, noting both the multiple levels (community, societal, familial, individual) through which stigma operates to dehumanize and delegitimize individuals with mental disorders and the impact of stigma across development. Key developmental psychopathology principles are salient in this regard. We express concern over the recent oversimplification of mental illness as “brain disorder,” supporting instead transactional models which account for the dynamic interplay of genes, neurobiology, environment, and self across development and which are consistent with both compassion and societal responsibility. Finally, we consider educational and policy-related initiatives regarding the destigmatization of mental disorder. We conclude that attitudes and policy regarding mental disorder reflect, in microcosmic form, two crucial issues for the next century and millennium: (a) tolerance for diversity (vs. pressure for conformity) and (b) intentional direction of our species' evolution, given fast-breaking genetic advances.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Major problems in suicide prevention are the paucity of specialized mental health services and the reluctance of many at-risk people, especially men, to avail themselves of treatment due to stigma [91] and social norms [92].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
Citations
Cites
Ariès, P. (1960) · Cited by 1,299
Markowitz, F. E. (1998) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676342 · Cited by 556
Dispelling the Stigma of Schizophrenia: II. The Impact of Information on Dangerousness
Penn, D. L., Kommana, S., Mansfield, M. R., & Link, B. G. (1999) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033391 · Cited by 245
(2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e562142009-001 · Cited by 196
Developmental psychopathology and disorders of affect
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1995) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 122
Self-citationSchizophrenia as a brain disease
Henn, F. A., & Nasrallah, H. A. (1982) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 116
Social Attitudes toward Discharged Mental Patients
Whatley, C. D. (1959) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/799364 · Cited by 115
Neural plasticity and emotional memory
Post, R., Weiss, S. R., Li, H., Smith, M. A., Zhang, L.-X., Xing, G., Osuch, E., & Mccann, U. (1998) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579498001898 · Cited by 75
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 311
류승아 (2009) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2009.23.4.001 · Cited by 3
Çelik, S., & TÜRKER, M. V. (2022) · Istanbul Business Research · doi:10.26650/ibr.2022.51.837555 · Cited by 3
Emotional Development and Depression
Palmer, A. R., Lakhan-Pal, S., & Cicchetti, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_26 · Cited by 8
Self-citationManaging environmental sensitivity: an overview illustrated with a case report.
Busse, J. W., Reid, S., Leznoff, A., BARSKY, A. J., Qureshi, R., & Guyatt, G. H. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 3
Clinical Validity of Prototype Personality Disorder Ratings in Adolescents
DeFife, J. A., Haggerty, G., Smith, S. W., Betancourt, L., Ahmed, Z., & Ditkowsky, K. (2014) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.979493 · Cited by 3
Afolayan, J. A., & Ajibola, O. (2010) · Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/09764224.2010.11885446 · Cited by 3
“Hinshaw and Crechetti (2000) stated that disclosure offers a number of important benefits to the infected individual and to the general public.”
BackgroundStigma and Knowledge: a Questionnaire and Literature Review
Pierce, M. L. (2012) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 3
Linking Infant/Family Mental Health Services
Thomasgard, M., & Merrilees, K. (2004) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/00001163-200404000-00009 · Cited by 3
“…challenges such as the lack 184 of national standards for certification, inconsistent reimbursement for relationship-based services based on the Diagnostic Classification: 0–3 (Zero to Three, 1994), and the stigma that accompanies a mental health diagnosis (Hinshaw & Cicchetti, 2000; Lazare, 1995).”
BackgroundWilliams, V (2014) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23237474 · Cited by 3
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop208002 · Cited by 3
Chavarría, M. A. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.904 · Cited by 3
Neuroarquitectura: Mejorar el bienestar y la productividad a través del diseño espacial
Chami, K. A., Estévez, A. T., & Abdallah, Y. K. (2024) · Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación · doi:10.18682/cdc.vi220.11149 · Cited by 2
“El pabellón, con sus formas y volúmenes en constante cambio, pretende invocar un espectro de experiencias sensoriales y reacciones emociona-les de sus visitantes 67 .”
BackgroundNarratives and destigmatization: the case of criminal record stigma in the labor market
Harding, D. J., Smith, M. S., Jung, D. E., Luna-Lopez, S., & Glazer, A. (2025) · American Journal of Cultural Sociology · doi:10.1057/s41290-025-00255-x · Cited by 2
Reframing the Intersection of Coaching and Therapy with an Adult Developmental Lens
Clidière, U. (2025) · Philosophy of Coaching An International Journal · doi:10.22316/poc/10.1.04 · Cited by 2
Serenko, A. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-05-2025-0745 · Cited by 3
Hinshaw, S. P. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-081102 · Cited by 2
Self-citationRyan, C. M., Innes, C. S., Kannis‐Dymand, L., Mason, J., & Lovell, G. P. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2023.2193751 · Cited by 3
“The behavioural component encompasses discrimination and refers to actions that disadvantage people with mental illness (Hinshaw & Cicchetti, 2000).”
BackgroundTatarelli, R., Serafini, G., Innamorati, M., Lester, D., Girardi, P., & Pompili, M. (2011) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-010-1499-6 · Cited by 2
Jouet, E., Moineville, M., Favriel, S., Leriche, P., & Greacen, T. (2013) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2013.06.007 · Cited by 2
Mental Health in a Social Context
Bitanihirwe, B. K. Y. (2014) · African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4172/psychiatry.1000169 · Cited by 3
“Nonetheless, myths and stigma still persist in parts of the world regarding patients who are affected by severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and affective psychotic disorders [2-4].”
BackgroundLepage-Voyer, C., Terradas, M. M., & Laverdière, O. (2019) · La psychiatrie de l enfant · doi:10.3917/psye.621.0173 · Cited by 2
The Concept and Definition of Mental Illness
Fountoulakis, K. Ν. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86541-2_13 · Cited by 2
Public attitudes and the challenge of stigma
Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., & Kassam, A. (2012) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0002 · Cited by 2
Harvey, A. G., & Dagys, N. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118156391.ebcp002019 · Cited by 2
The effect of self-affirmation on stigma associated with seeking psychological help
Lannin, D. G. (2012) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-2560 · Cited by 2
“This has led to increased barriers to obtaining desirable employment, leasing suitable housing, and obtaining general health care (Corrigan, 2004; Hinshaw & Cicchetti, 2000; Holmes, Corrigan, Williams, Canar, & Kubiak, 1999).”
BackgroundRosenrot, S. A. (2015) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · Cited by 2
Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. M. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01374.x · Cited by 2
“It has been argued by some that public health messages should emphasize both biological and environmental influences and their interactive effects [9].”
BackgroundAdults’ perceptions about whether children should disclose their mental illness
Corrigan, P. W., Buchholz, B. A., Michaels, P. J., & McKenzie, S. (2016) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-03-2016-0012 · Cited by 1
Chapter 8. Translating Psychiatric Diagnosis and Classification into Public Health Usage
Minoletti, A., Alegria, M. M., Barrionuevo, H., Grana, D., Hirdes, J. P., Pérez, E., Torres‐González, F., & Udomratn, P. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg08 · Cited by 1
Is Psychopathology a Less Stigmatizing Course Name Than Abnormal Psychology?
Gernsbacher, M. A., Seyl, C. E., & Cox, A. M. (2025) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00986283251328321 · Cited by 1
“Among the many barriers that people with mental illness face is stigma (Hinshaw & Cicchetti, 2000; Thornicroft et al., 2022).”
Batistetti, V. T., Sanchez, F. G., Varaona, A., Lara-Abelenda, F. J., da Costa, M. P., Chart‐Pascual, J. P., Rodríguez-Quiroga, A., Quintero, J., & Álvarez-Mon, M. Á. (2026) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/74440 · Cited by 1
Sudharsanamurthy, P., & Madhivadhani, K. (2026) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20649-7_7 · Cited by 1
In a Stranger's Shoes: Reducing mental illness stigma through perspective-taking
Mann, C. E. (2010) · Cited by 1
A Cold of the Heart: Japan Strives to Normalize Depression
Vickery, G. K. (2006) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Communication of persons with mental disorders
Ilievski, V., & Coneva, A. (2013) · Hrčak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia (University Computing Centre) · Cited by 1
Bashor, K. E., Junck, S., McGregor, C., & Anderson, C. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40537-7_16 · Cited by 1
Gardner, K. J., Ruest, S. M., & Cummings, B. (2016) · Hospital Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/hpeds.2016-0032 · Cited by 1
Social Control and Serious Mental Illness: Understanding and Challenging Current Ideologies
Gjesfjeld, C. D. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2053-769720190000031010 · Cited by 2
‘Postnatal’: Trapped, Alone in the Dark – Women’s Experiences of Postnatal Depression and Drawings
Westall, C., & Liamputtong, P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1694-0_6 · Cited by 1
Speechlessness: a Conceptual Framework
Dietz, T., Schiewer, V., Karbach, U., & Kusch, M. (2023) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-023-09789-6 · Cited by 3
“Individuals with mental illness are perceived by the public as being of unsound mind, rejected (Sendera & Sendera, 2012), and discriminated against in employment and housing (Corrigan et al., 2004; Hinshaw & Cicchetti, 2000).”
BackgroundChapter 6. Education and Training
Dilling, H., Bertelsen, A., Cooper, J. E., Esparza, P., First, M. B., Gubash, R., Hohagen, F., Корнетов, А. Н., Murthy, S., & Odejide, O. A. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg06 · Cited by 1
Rose, D. S., Thornicroft, G., Kobayashi, N., Lewis, O., Meagher, J., & Nilsson, I. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg01 · Cited by 1
Lawson, E. E. (2016) · Cited by 1
Park, J. (2016) · Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.16946/kjsr.2016.19.1.25 · Cited by 1
Choudhury, S., & Moore, S. (2016) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.12.stas1-1612 · Cited by 1
Foucault, Disability Studies, and Mental Health Diagnoses; A Literature Review
Crane, S. E. R. (2017) · Cited by 1
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Capawana, M. R. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400515666190314162612 · Cited by 1
Walby, G. W. (2006) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Capacitação de saúde mental para professores do ensino fundamental e seu impacto no ambiente escolar
Pereira, C. A. (2013) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2013.tde-04022014-113920 · Cited by 1
Miller, R. (2013) · The Psychiatrist · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.111.037978 · Cited by 1
Ryu, S. (2008) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 1
Chandra, A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_80 · Cited by 1
Editorial: Reciprocal Causality in Parent–Child Relationships
Miklowitz, D. J. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.02.009 · Cited by 1
Peterson, D. B. (2014) · Handbooks in health, work, and disability · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08825-9_13
Stigma, Discrimination, and Community Awareness about Mental Illnesses
Thornicroft, G., Semrau, M., Alem, A., Drake, R. E., Ito, H., Mari, J. D. J., McGeorge, P., & THARA, R. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119979203.ch7
An Action Research Study of the Supporting the University-Ready through Environment (SURE) Program
Brown, N. (2009) · Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University)
Informed actions for better mental health care
Thornicroft, G., & Tansella, M. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544347.015
Bipolar Disorder, Disclosure, and Their Effects on Employment Opportunities
Finch, & Melissa, B. (2007) · Digital Commons at Illinois Wesleyan University (Illinois Wesleyan University)
Herzberg, S. E. (2013) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder And Support Groups
Davis, A. (2009) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington)
Imai, T. (2013) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Prescriptions Into Practice: Bupropion
Akhtar, N. M., & Khan, A. B. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News · doi:10.1521/capn.2008.13.5.6
A Family Perspective on Mental Disorder: Silence, Stigma, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Resilience
Hinshaw, S. P. (2003) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.11.6.1.25345
Self-citationServitje, L. (2013) · Journal of Medical Humanities · doi:10.1007/s10912-013-9260-6
Villanueva, C. S., Scott, S. H., Guzzetta, C. E., & Foster, B. (2009) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2009.00202.x
Suicidal behavior in late life: Population and patient perspectives
Fässberg, M. M. (2014)
Når drenge elsker kjoler – udvikling af kønsidentitetsproblematikker i barndommen
Gullits, C., & Juul, J. (2010) · Psyke & Logos · doi:10.7146/pl.v31i2.8472
Risk, Responsibility, and Relationality: Positioning the Subjects of Psychiatric Genetic Testing
Haase, R. (2010) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Meyer, F. (2013) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Veysey, S. A. (2011) · Unitec Research Bank (Unitec Institute of Technology)
Beyond Psychopathology in Clinical Psychology: Developmental Pathways to the future
Afolabi, O. E. (2014)
Simning, A. (2011) · UR Research (University of Rochester)
Chin, F. T. (2014) · ScholarWorks - MoreheadState (Morehead State University)
Employment experiences of people with bipolar disorder
Hale, S. (2011) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0072298
Perceived Stigma and Mental–Physical Comorbidity
Alonso, J., Burón, A., & Vilagut, G. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770531.026
Program: Cultural Psychology and Social Practice
Andersen, C. (2015)
Nolan, C. P. (2017) · Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University)
Mental Illness Stigma Among Middle Eastern Canadians: A Mixed Methods Study
Michel, N. M. (2017) · YorkSpace (York University)
Jacques, M. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.7202/1073552ar
“Le dévoilement du patient dans le contexte des services de santé mentale est un champ d’études très jeune, la première publication traitant de ce sujet ayant été repéré datant de l’année 2000 (29).”
Chandra, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_80
Culture of Health Care in Urban Slums
Das, M. (2022) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221128md · Cited by 2
Nica, R. I., & Pîrlog, M. C. (2016) · Romanian Journal of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy · doi:10.37897/rjpp.2016.4.3
Mayes, R., Bagwell, C. L., & Erkulwater, J. L. (2023) · The ADHD Resource Hub · doi:10.1521/adhdhub.2023.1.2
Yoduke, F., Daulima, N. H. C., & Mustikasari, M. (2024) · Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.60099/prijnr.2024.266871
A Study of Stigma, Discrimination and Reintegration of Mentally Ill Persons in Ghana.
Yeboah, Y. Y., & Gyabaah, K. O. Y. (2021) · Pentvars Business Journal · doi:10.62868/pbj.v13i2.160
Bastarache, A.-L., Marceau, E., St-Onge, J., Didier, O., & Terradas, M. M. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100483
Pérez‐Escobar, J. A. (2024) · Interdisciplinary evolution research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70847-3_9
(2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.fm01
Chapter 5. Economic Consequences of Revising the Diagnostic Nomenclature for Mental Disorders
Goldman, H. H., Horvitz-Lennon, M. V., Hu, T. W., Alegria, M. M., Chisholm, D., Heinze, G., Njenga, F. G., Regier, D. A., & Sayce, L. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg05
Saxena, S., Sharan, P., Botbol, M., Hasin, D. S., Herrman, H., Hosman, C. M. H., Jané‐Llopis, E., Reiss, D., & Sturgeon, S. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg02
Gask, L. L., Dowrick, C. F., Fortes, S., Katerndahl, D. A., Gureje, O., Klinkman, M. S., Arroll, B., Saeed, K., & deGruy, F. V. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg03
(2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.index
Chapter 7. Statistics and Information Systems
Gulbinat, W. H., Amaddeo, F., Medina-Mora, M. E., Mubbashar, M. H., Ndetei, D. M., & Plovnick, R. M. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg07
Üstün, B., Barbato, A., Hwang, T., Jakob, R., Janca, A., Kastrup, M. C., Kennedy, C., Kostanjek, N., Mavreas, V., Narrow, W. E., et al. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg09
Chapter 4. Use of Diagnosis in Forensic Psychiatry
Arboleda‐Flórez, J., Appelbaum, P. S., Bonnie, R. J., Konrad, N., Polubinskaya, S. V., Richardson, G., Téllez, C., & Xiehe, L. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg04
Metadata
- Authors
- HINSHAW, S. P., & CICCHETTI, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 555-598
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2136434200
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 5.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 45064, MH45027, MH50461, U01MH050461)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- mental health stigma, self-disclosure, mental health policy, conceptualization of mental illness, transactional model, developmental psychopathology, stigma reduction, dehumanization, social responsibility, genetic advance
- MeSH terms
- Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Deinstitutionalization, Humans, Mental Health Services, Prejudice, Public Policy, Self Disclosure, Stereotyping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review