The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 49 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Intervening to enhance cortisol regulation among children at risk for neglect: Results of a randomized clinical trial
Open accessAbstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is particularly sensitive to conditions of maltreatment. In particular, neglected children have shown a flatter slope with lower wake-up values relative to nonneglected children. An intervention, the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC), was developed to enhance biological and behavioral regulation in young children at risk for neglect. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed in a randomized clinical trial for children with involvement with Child Protective Services. Following the intervention, children receiving the ABC intervention (n = 49) showed more typical cortisol production, with higher wake-up cortisol values and a steeper diurnal slope, than children receiving the control intervention (n = 51). These results suggest that the ABC intervention is effective in enhancing biological regulation.
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40 Not checked yet · 23 Own method · 11 Own interpretation · 9 Own result · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Child gender and minority status were not associated with cortisol values at any of the time points (p values > .05).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children receiving the ABC intervention (n = 49) showed more typical cortisol production, with higher wake-up cortisol values and a steeper diurnal slope than children receiving the control intervention (n = 51).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 49- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children receiving the ABC intervention (n = 49) showed more typical cortisol production, with higher wake-up cortisol values and a steeper diurnal slope than children receiving the control intervention (n = 51).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 49- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Log-transformed cortisol values at bedtime did not differ significantly between the intervention groups (β01 = 0.06, p > .05).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the effect size for the group difference in the diurnal slope of cortisol was small to medium (d = -0.38).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the effect size for group difference in wake-up cortisol was approximately medium (d = 0.48)”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The log-transformed cortisol value at wake-up differed significantly between children in the ABC group and children the DEF group, controlling for time of sample collection and age (β01 = 0.21, p < .01). Specifically, children in the ABC group showed a higher wake-up level of cortisol, relative to children in the DEF group (Table 3).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Missing data patterns were comparable for the two groups, with children from the ABC group missing 15.5%, and children in the DEF group missing 18.0%.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Cortisol Data Preparation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that the ABC intervention is effective in enhancing biological regulation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol is an end product of the HPA system and reflects HPA axis activity.
In the paper
“Because differences in reactivity can be difficult to interpret among young children, much of the work on intervention effects has focused instead on diurnal patterns of cortisol production (e.g., Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006; Fisher, Stoolmiller, Gunnar, & Burraston, 2007).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > HPA axis functioning > Stress reactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006; Fisher, Stoolmiller, Gunnar, & Burraston, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Perturbations in diurnal cortisol production have been observed across a variety of conditions of early adversity, including maltreatment, placement into foster care, and extreme institutional deprivation (Bernard et al., 2010; Bruce, Fisher, Pears, & Levine, 2009; Carlson et al., 1995; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > HPA axis functioning > Diurnal production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard et al., 2010; Bruce et al., 2009; Carlson et al., 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children receiving the ABC intervention (n = 49) showed more typical cortisol production, with higher wake-up cortisol values and a steeper diurnal slope than children receiving the control intervention (n = 51).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 49- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
In the paper
“Although results have varied somewhat from one study to another, it seems that blunted cortisol production is the most consistent pattern seen among children exposed to adversity (Bernard et al., 2010; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Kroupina et al., 2012).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Intervening to support children’s regulation of diurnal cortisol production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard et al., 2010; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Kroupina et al., 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
In the paper
“Taken together, recent research suggests that a blunted diurnal cortisol rhythm, as opposed to an overall heightened production of cortisol, reflects the characteristic pattern of HPA axis dysregulation among children who experience early adversity.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > HPA axis functioning > Diurnal production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard et al., 2010; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Kroupina et al., 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
In the paper
“The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is particularly sensitive to conditions of maltreatment.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard, Butzin-Dozier, Rittenhouse, & Dozier, 2010; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Based on these analyses, the data meet criteria for missing at random (MAR; Schafer & Graham, 2002).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Cortisol Data Preparation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schafer & Graham, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These findings, as well as experimental studies with animals (Mirescu, Peters, & Gould, 2004; Sanchez, Ladd, & Plotsky, 2001), suggest that significant stress experienced in early life may disrupt children’s developing regulation of the HPA system.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mirescu, Peters, & Gould, 2004; Sanchez, Ladd, & Plotsky, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there is evidence that young children undergo a stress hypo-responsive period (SHRP), during which cortisol is not elevated in response to stressors.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > HPA axis functioning > Stress reactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Quevado, 2007; Sapolsky & Meaney, 1986
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The specific experience of neglect, especially early in life, has been associated with a blunting of the HPA axis across a variety of settings and populations.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > HPA axis functioning > Diurnal production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carlson et al., 1995; Carlson & Earls, 1997; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When infants face chronic stress in childhood, such as neglect and poverty, their behavioral and biological regulation is compromised (Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is evidence that therapeutic, nurturing environments can normalize cortisol production among previously maltreated children (Cicchetti, Rogosch, Toth, & Sturge-Apple, 2011; Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006; Fisher et al., 2007).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Intervening to support children’s regulation of diurnal cortisol production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, Rogosch, Toth, & Sturge-Apple, 2011; Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006; Fisher et al., 2007
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure that there were no group differences in cortisol at baseline.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, the parenting interventions essentially prevented biological dysregulation among maltreated children.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Intervening to support children’s regulation of diurnal cortisol production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti et al., 2011
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the Dozier, Peloso, et al. (2006) study, infants whose foster parents received the ABC intervention showed lower wake-up and bedtime levels than infants whose foster parents received the control intervention.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we show that an intervention designed to enhance synchronous and nurturing parenting, even under chronically challenging conditions, may support children’s cortisol regulation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we are excited to extend this work by showing that the intervention, designed to increase synchrony and nurturance among high-risk birth parents, can also have effects on children’s diurnal cortisol regulation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
In the paper
“Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Mesman, Alink, & Juffer (2008) demonstrated that the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene moderated the effectiveness of an attachment-based parenting program on basal cortisol levels among children with elevated externalizing behavior problems.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Mesman, Alink, & Juffer (2008)
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among young children living in chronically challenging environments, responsive caregiving characterized by synchronous and nurturing interactions, may be especially important for the development of basic biological regulation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, we were unable to characterize change in cortisol patterns from pre- to post-intervention.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Such flat or blunted diurnal patterns, characterized primarily by low wake-up cortisol values, represent dysfunction in this important regulatory system (Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a previous study of infants in foster care (Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006), the ABC intervention was shown to be effective in leading to more typical cortisol regulation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Foster infants in the ABC group showed cortisol levels that were similar to a low-risk comparison group of similar age.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children exposed to chronic neglect are especially prone to low morning cortisol values, (Bruce, Kroupina, Parker, & Gunnar, 2001; Dozier, Manni, et al., 2006; Fisher et al., 2007)”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce, Kroupina, Parker, & Gunnar, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Dozier, Manni, et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, low wake-up cortisol represents a biomarker for clinical, social, and physical maladjustment (Finsterward, Selig, Schieche, Wurmser, & Papousek, 2000; Pruessner, Hellmammer, & Kirschbaum, 1999; White, Gunnar, Larson, Donzella, & Barr, 2000).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finsterward, Selig, Schieche, Wurmser, & Papousek, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Pruessner, Hellmammer, & Kirschbaum, 1999
- Not checked yetcites White, Gunnar, Larson, Donzella, & Barr, 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, children in the DEF intervention group showed a more blunted diurnal cortisol pattern, relative to children in the ABC intervention group.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we did not test whether changes to parenting behavior mediate the association between the intervention and children’s cortisol regulation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although we have previously demonstrated that the ABC intervention leads to changes in parent sensitivity among foster parents (Bick & Dozier, 2013)”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bick & Dozier, 2013
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We had limited information to children’s experiences of neglect.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fisher et al. (2007) showed that preschoolers in foster care who received a psychosocial parenting intervention had steeper wake-up to bedtime slopes of cortisol production relative to children in a control condition.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al. (2007)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up intervention, designed to enhance synchronous and nurturing responses among parents at-risk for neglecting their children, supports young children’s diurnal cortisol regulation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Enhancing these behaviors among parents of young children has strong support in the literature, with effects primarily tested and seen with regard to children’s quality of attachment relationships.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Child age was negatively correlated with log-transformed bedtime cortisol levels on day 1 (r = -.36, p = .001) and day 2 (r = -.24, p < .05), and with log-transformed wake-up cortisol levels on day 3 (r = -.38, p < .05).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, families in the current study varied with regard to histories of neglect.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant effect of intervention group on the change in cortisol across the day, with children in the ABC group showing a steeper wake-up to bedtime pattern (i.e., more negative slope) than children in the DEF intervention group (β11 = -0.15, p = 0.051).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although time of sample collection was not associated with cortisol values at any of the time points (p values > .05), it was included as a covariate in primary analyses based on previous”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All sessions were videotaped, which allowed supervision and fidelity monitoring.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Fisher et al. (2007) found that preschoolers (the majority with prior experiences of neglect) assigned to an experimental condition (Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care) showed steeper slopes from morning to evening than those receiving regular foster care. Those assigned to the control intervention continued to show a persisting pattern of blunted cortisol reactivity typical of neglected”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Intervening to support children’s regulation of diurnal cortisol production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bernard et al. (2012) have previously shown that the ABC intervention was effective in enhancing attachment security.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Intervening to support children’s regulation of diurnal cortisol production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard et al., 2012 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these were non-significant (ps > .05), indicating that there was no association between whether a particular cortisol sample was missing and cortisol level based on available observed measurements.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Cortisol Data Preparation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, neglected children have shown a flatter slope with lower wake-up values relative to non-neglected children.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard et al., 2010; Kroupina et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen from Figure 1, 183 participants were retained during the post-intervention phase of the study (representing 86% of the 212 children enrolled in the intervention).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plainn = 183- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dozier, Peloso, et al. (2006) found that foster infants whose caregivers completed the ABC intervention showed a more normative pattern of cortisol production following the intervention than did foster infants in a control intervention condition. More specifically, foster infants who received the ABC intervention showed lower levels of cortisol that were comparable to a low-risk comparison group,”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Intervening to support children’s regulation of diurnal cortisol production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All pre- and post-intervention assessments were the same for the two groups, and the two interventions were of the same duration (i.e., ten 1-hour sessions) and frequency (i.e., weekly).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there is evidence that low, flat diurnal cortisol patterns are associated with increased risk for mood disorders (Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001), aggression (McBurnett, Lahey, Rathouz, & Loeber, 2000), and conduct problems (Pajer, Gardner, Rubin, Perel, & Neal, 2001).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > HPA axis functioning > Diurnal production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001; McBurnett et al., 2000; Pajer et al., 2001
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At pre-intervention, children randomly assigned to receive the ABC intervention or control (DEF) intervention did not differ with regard to wake-up cortisol levels (β01 = 0.14, p > .05), bedtime cortisol levels (β01 = -.01, p > .05), or wake-up to bedtime slope in cortisol production (β11 = -0.15, p > .05).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“biologically implausible cortisol values (i.e., defined as values greater than 2.0) were deleted. Additionally, cortisol values greater than 3 SDs above the mean were considered outliers and excluded from analyses.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Cortisol Data Preparation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“human infants with organized attachments do not show an increase in cortisol to the Strange Situation, a procedure involving maternal separations, whereas infants with disorganized attachments do show a cortisol response (Bernard & Dozier, 2010; Gunnar, Broderson, Nachmias, Buss, & Rigatuso, 1996).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > HPA axis functioning > Stress reactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard & Dozier, 2010; Gunnar, Broderson, Nachmias, Buss, & Rigatuso, 1996
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples were assayed using a high-sensitivity salivary cortisol enzyme immunoassay kit (Salimetrics, LLC, State College, Pennsylvania). All samples from a child were assayed in duplicate on the same plate to minimize variability. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation fell below 3.7% and 6.4%, respectively.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Whereas maltreated infants receiving care as usual showed progressively lower levels of morning cortisol across the 2-year period, cortisol levels of maltreated infants who received either of the early parenting interventions remained similar to children in a nonmaltreated comparison group.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Intervening to support children’s regulation of diurnal cortisol production
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no intervention group differences in the time between the last session and the time of saliva sample data collection.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Controlled studies have reported that flavored crystals only minimally affect cortisol levels when radioimmunoassay is used (Gordon, Peloso, Auker, & Dozier, 2005; Talge, Donzella, Kryzer, Gierens, & Gunnar, 2005).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gordon, Peloso, Auker, & Dozier, 2005; Talge, Donzella, Kryzer, Gierens, & Gunnar, 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Missingness was not associated with child demographic variables or intervention group (ps > .05).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Cortisol Data Preparation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“resulting in a sample size for the present study of 101 children.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plainn = 101- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no pre-intervention differences between the ABC and DEF groups in child or caregiver age and percentage of minority versus non-minority participants (p values > .05).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it is important to also consider the actual time of waking with respect to the sample collection time, this information was not consistently available across participants.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among rodents and humans, the availability of a sensitive mother is necessary to maintain this stress hypo-responsive period (Levine, 2001).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > HPA axis functioning > Stress reactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levine, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Early adversity has been associated with a blunting of this diurnal pattern, with children living under high-risk conditions showing a blunted pattern of cortisol production across the day (Bernard et al., 2010; Kroupina et al., 2012).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard et al., 2010; Kroupina et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given these associations and findings from previous studies (e.g., Larson et al., 1998; Watamura, Donzella, Kertes, & Gunnar, 2004), child age was included as a covariate in primary analyses.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Larson et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Watamura, Donzella, Kertes, & Gunnar, 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After consenting, parents were randomly assigned to receive either the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC; experimental) intervention or the Developmental Education for Families (DEF; control) intervention. Randomization occurred immediately after a parent provided consent.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 488 possible samples, 406 were included in analyses, with 3.7% removed as outliers and 13.1% missing due to an inadequate volume of saliva or because no sample was collected.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Cortisol Data Preparation
plainn = 488- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cicchetti et al. (2011) intervened with a similar population of infants that were living with their maltreating parents, but examined a laboratory assessment of cortisol, rather than the diurnal pattern.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti et al. (2011)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“high levels of cortisol have also been observed among other subsets of maltreated children, including foster children that experience severe emotional maltreatment (Bruce et al., 2009), as well as in post-institutionalized children with significant growth delays (Kertes et al., 2008).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Kertes et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given that the effectiveness of the ABC intervention has now been demonstrated on both behavioral outcomes (i.e., attachment organization, Bernard et al., 2012; cognitive flexibility, Lewis-Morrarty, Dozier, Bernard, Terracciano, & Moore, 2012) and biological outcomes”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard et al., 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Lewis-Morrarty, Dozier, Bernard, Terracciano, & Moore, 2012
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, although we established between-group comparability in cortisol profiles for a subset of children at pre-intervention, we did not have cortisol data from a low-risk comparison group.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we suggest here that a steeper slope and higher wake-up cortisol values may reflect a more normative diurnal pattern among young children living with their high-risk birth parents.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is unclear whether cortisol patterns became more typical over time for children in the ABC group, or whether cortisol patterns became more atypical (i.e., blunted) over time for children in the DEF group, or both.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When these 4 non-completers were excluded from analyses, findings held for the effect of the ABC intervention on wake-up cortisol (β01 = 0.19, p < .05), and the diurnal slope (β11 = -0.16, p < 0.05).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Meta-analyses indicate that maternal sensitivity often underperforms in predicting child attachment, relative to its expected role based on attachment theory (De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997; van IJzendoorn, 1995).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997
- Not checked yetcites van IJzendoorn, 1995
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ABC intervention is similar to other short-term interventions that emphasize the importance of synchrony and nurturance for at-risk parent-infant populations in general (Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, & Juffer, 2003; Hoffman, Marvin, Cooper, & Powell, 2006; Lieberman & van Horn, 2009; van den Boom, 1994).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, & Juffer, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Hoffman, Marvin, Cooper, & Powell, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Lieberman & van Horn, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When one sibling from each pair was excluded from analyses, the intervention effect held for wake-up cortisol (β01 = 0.20, p < .05), and was marginally significant for the diurnal slope (β11 = -0.14, p = 0.07).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More specifically, children with the DRD4 7-repeat allele, which has been associated with increased externalizing problems, were responsive to the intervention, whereas children without the DRD4 7-repeat allele were not.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Mesman, Alink, & Juffer (2008)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that HLM allows for variability in the timing and number of repeated data points, participants can be included even if they are missing 1 or more points of data.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Data Analytic Strategy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern is an important index of the intervention’s effectiveness, as it suggests that the intervention serves to support children’s cortisol regulation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
In the paper
“HLM accounts for the non-independence of repeated measures by modeling multiple data points as nested within individuals. This approach allows for separate estimates of within-subject and between-subject variation.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Data Analytic Strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, the experiences of neglect were likely not as severe as those that warrant removal of a child from a parent’s care.”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern with high wake-up and low bedtime values.
“Cortisol typically follows a diurnal pattern, characterized by high wake-up values and low bedtime values.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol is an end product of the HPA system and reflects HPA axis activity.
“Among humans and other primates, cortisol represents an end product of the HPA system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The control (DEF) intervention does not itself affect children's diurnal cortisol regulation.
“children randomly assigned to receive the ABC intervention or control (DEF) intervention did not differ with regard to wake-up cortisol levels”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
“children receiving the control intervention (n = 51).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Cortisol Data Preparation
“Of the 52 DEF children, 28 had cortisol collected across 2 days (16 with four samples included in analyses, 4 with three samples, 4 with two samples, and 4 with one sample), and 24 had cortisol collected across 3 days (14 with six samples included in analyses, 4 with five samples, 1 with four samples, 4 with”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
“children receiving the ABC intervention (n = 49) showed more typical cortisol production, with higher wake-up cortisol values and a steeper diurnal slope than children receiving the control intervention (n = 51).”
§ Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation Among Children At Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Cortisol Data Preparation
“Of the 52 DEF children, 28 had cortisol collected across 2 days”
Citations
Cites
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x · Cited by 2,526
van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.387 · Cited by 2,243
Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195 · Cited by 1,883
Handbook of infant mental health
Zeanah, C. H. (2009) · Cited by 1,282
Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development
Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00045-2 · Cited by 1,088
SÁNCHEZ, M. M., LADD, C. O., & PLOTSKY, P. M. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401003029 · Cited by 1,003
Sapolsky, R. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1986) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(86)90010-x · Cited by 999
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bruce J. , Kroupina M. , Parker S. , & Gunnar M. R. (2000). The relationships between cortisol patterns, growth retardation, and developmental delay in post-institutionalized children. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England, July 16–19.
- Finsterward J. , Selig M. A. , Schieche M. , Wurmser H. , & Papousek M. (2000). Individual differences in self-regulation in excessively crying infants: A microanalytic approach. Paper presented at the International Conference of Infant Studies, Brighton, England, July 16–19.
- Carlson, 1995, Cortisol regulation in home-reared and institutionalized Romanian children, Society of Neuroscience Abstracts, 218, 12
- Raudenbush, 2002, Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (Advanced quantitative techniques in the social sciences)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Early Adverse Experiences and the Developing Brain
Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.252 · Cited by 559
Self-citationMcLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Tibu, F., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1423363112 · Cited by 426
Life Course Approaches to the Causes of Health Disparities
Jones, N. L., Gilman, S. E., Cheng, T. L., Drury, S. S., Hill, C. V., & Geronimus, A. T. (2019) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304738 · Cited by 440
Morris, A. S., Robinson, L. R., Hays-Grudo, J., Claussen, A. H., Hartwig, S. A., & Treat, A. E. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12743 · Cited by 187
Bernard, K., Hostinar, C. E., & Dozier, M. (2014) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2369 · Cited by 198
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bernard, K., Dozier, M., Bick, J., & Gordon, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bernard, Kristin
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-08-26
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 829-841
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC4523389
- OpenAlex
- W2050213842
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 14.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH084135, R01MH052135, R01MH074374, T32MH018268)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- cortisol regulation, child neglect, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, diurnal cortisol slope, maltreatment, child protection services, early intervention, biological regulation, vulnerable children
- MeSH terms
- Child Protective Services, Adolescent, Adult, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Psychotherapy, Parenting, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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