The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sensitivity and specificity of WAIS–III/WMS–III demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological assessment
Abstract
This study explored the neurodiagnostic utility of 6 factor scores identified by recent exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the WAIS–III and WMS–III: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Processing Speed, Working Memory, Auditory Memory and Visual Memory. Factor scores were corrected for age, education, sex and ethnicity to minimize their influences on diagnostic accuracy. Cut-offs at 1, 1.5 and 2 standard deviations (SD s) below the standardization sample mean were applied to data from the overlapping test normative samples (N = 1073) and 6 clinical samples described in the WAIS–III/WMS–III Technical Manual (N = 126). The analyses suggest that a 1 SD cut-off yields the most balanced levels of sensitivity and specificity; more strict (1.5 or 2 SD) cut-offs generally result in trading modest gains in specificity for larger losses in sensitivity. Finally, using combinations of WAIS–III/WMS–III factors together as test batteries, we explored the sensitivity and specificity implications of varying diagnostic decision rules (e.g., 1 vs. 2 impaired factors = “impairment”). For most of the disorders considered here, even a small (e.g., 3 factor) WAIS–III/WMS–III battery provides quite good overall diagnostic accuracy. (JINS, 2001, 7, 867–874.)
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“and several studies suggest that a cut-point for impairment of -1 SD below normative means provides an optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity [25, 44, 45].”
From Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment Improves Diagnostic Precision, Biomarker Associations, and Progression Rates (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“More strict cut-points on cognitive tests of -1.5 or -2 SDs below normative means generally trade modest gains in specificity for larger losses in sensitivity [44, 45]”
From Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment Improves Diagnostic Precision, Biomarker Associations, and Progression Rates (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Demographically-corrected norms demonstrate better accuracy with less demographic bias (Casaletto et al., 2015; R. K. Heaton, Ryan, L., & Grant, I., 2009; Taylor & Heaton, 2001) on cognitive measures than age-only adjusted scores in neurological populations.”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Taylor & Heaton, 2001
Citations
Cites
Regression Using Fractional Polynomials of Continuous Covariates: Parsimonious Parametric Modelling
Royston, P. J., & Altman, D. G. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.2307/2986270 · Cited by 1,797
CATTELL, J. M. (1923) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271622311000117 · Cited by 911
Heaton, Grant, and Matthews' Comprehensive Norms: An Overzealous Attempt
Fastenau, P. S., & Adams, K. M. (1996) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639608409000 · Cited by 44
Demographic Corrections with Comprehensive Norms: An Overzealous Attempt or a Good Start?
Heaton, R. K., Matthews, C. G., Grant, I., & Avitable, N. (1996) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639608409001 · Cited by 23
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)
Lani, J. A., & Wechsler, D. (2010) · Cited by 1,686
Bondi, M. W., Initiative, F. T. A. D. N., Edmonds, E. C., Jak, A. J., Clark, L. R., Delano-Wood, L., McDonald, C. R., Nation, D. A., Libon, D. J., Au, R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140276 · Cited by 772
Slater, J. P., Guarino, T., Stack, J., Vinod, K., Bustami, R. T., Brown, J. M., Rodriguez, A. L., Magovern, C. J., Zaubler, T. S., Freundlich, K., et al. (2008) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.08.070 · Cited by 627
Vardy, J. L., Wefel, J. S., Ahles, T. A., Tannock, I. F., & Schagen, S. B. (2007) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm500 · Cited by 331
Mindt, M. R., Byrd, D., Saez, P. A., & Manly, J. J. (2010) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040903058960 · Cited by 299
Metadata
- Authors
- TAYLOR, M. J., & HEATON, R. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- HEATON, ROBERT K.
- Venue
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 867-874
- ISSN
- 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7661
- OpenAlex
- W2139390659
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- WAIS-III, WMS-III, factor scores, sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic accuracy, cut-off values, verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, processing speed, working memory, auditory memory, visual memory, neuropsychological assessment, diagnostic decision rules, cognitive impairment diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Damage, Chronic, Brain Diseases, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Mental Recall, Reference Standards, Wechsler Scales, Reproducibility of Results
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