The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 49 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Yogīs’ Latest Trick
Open accessAbstract
David Gordon White's wide-ranging scholarship on tantra, yoga and alchemy has inspired many students and scholars to undertake research in those fields. White worked as an assistant to Mircea Eliade and his doctorate from the University of Chicago was in History of Religions. His research methodology, true to this scholastic heritage, is not as deeply rooted in textual criticism as that of the current vanguard of scholars working on tantra and yoga, whose philological studies rarely reference his work. The accessibility of his books and articles, however, together with his engaging writing style and the excitement that imbues his scholarship, mean that indologists specialising in other fields, and authors addressing non-scholarly audiences, frequently draw on his publications. White's prominence in the study of yoga and tantra requires all scholars working on those subjects to address his work.
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Claims the paper makes
38 Sources not found · 30 No basis given · 23 Own interpretation · 6 Own result · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“White does not identify what it is about its language and content which leads him to this conclusion”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Its hat .hayoga involves the cultivation and preservation of bindu, semen.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dattātreyayogaśāstra
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“in the Dattātreyayogaśāstra it is used once, disparagingly, to refer to the practitioner of mantra-repetition.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dattātreyayogaśāstra
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The first text of the Goraks .a tradition to teach a hat .hayoga called as such is the c. fourteenth-century Yogabīja.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yogabīja
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The Yogabīja is a c. fourteenth-century text.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mumuks .u yoga tradition of hat .hayoga, which is espoused by the Rāmānandīs and Daśanāmīs, has been the predominant variety of yoga practice for at least five hundred years and is the basis of much of the yoga practised in the West, but it is completely ignored or overlooked by White in Sinister Yogis.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The one doctrinal (as opposed to hagiographical or devotional) Sanskrit text composed by Nāths after the formalisation of their order, the c. eighteenth-century Siddhasiddhāntapaddhati, does not teach hat .hayoga; on the contrary, in its more avadhūta moments it scorns it.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Members of both these ascetic orders, and their forerunners, have practised a liberation-oriented hat .hayoga, in contrast to the siddhi-oriented yoga of the Gorakhnāthīs, since at least the time of composition of the first hat .hayoga texts and probably for much longer.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The yoga of one of the earliest texts of the Goraks .a Yogī tradition, the thirteenth-to fourteenth-century Vivekamārtan .d .a, is a visualisation-based Kun .d .alinī yoga (which originated in the Paścimāmnāya Kaula tradition) overlaid onto the bindu-oriented physical hat .hayoga of the Dattātreyayogaśāstra.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vivekamārtaṇḍa
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Dattātreyayogaśāstra
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The Vivekamārtaṇḍa is a thirteenth-to fourteenth-century text.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The earliest references to an organised Yogī order date to the late sixteenth century.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the important schools of hat .hayoga in India today has a Nāth guru; the majority are affiliated with the Daśanāmī Sam .nyāsīs.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
In the paper
“A parallel can be drawn with the mentions of ascetics standing on their heads (or at least hanging upside-down) in the Mahābhārata (see e.g.1.26.2, 3.185.5,12.126.18,13.3.9,13.7.11).This practice is nowhere therein explicitly associated with yoga, but more than a thousand years later the headstand became an iconic yogic āsana.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mahābhārata
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In texts of the hat .hayogic corpus this distinction is reproduced and the word sādhaka is rarely used to refer to the practitioner of hat .hayogic techniques”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many tantric texts a distinction is made between the sādhaka, who has undertaken the third highest of the four tantric dīkṣās and practises mantra-repetition for siddhis, and the yogin, whose practice is separate from this system, and for whom liberation is usually the main aim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“He says (p. 89) that they”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Both these assertions are made notwithstanding the fact that neither s .ad .aṅgayoga nor the sus .umnā is mentioned in any other text until the seventh century. 21”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Niśvāsatattvasaṃhitā
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the next page he says that”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 25 of 26 witnesses the chapter is called yogavidhih .; one calls it yogakathanam.Nowhere in any manuscript colophon, nor in the chapter itself, is the compound yogavidah .to be found.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pune critical edition
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, on page 196, he mentions a passage in the Jayākhyasam .hitā in which yogins are described as evil beings.But no mention is made of the same text's 33rd pat .ala, which teaches a six-limbed meditative yoga, by means of which the yogin may achieve mukti.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jayākhyasamhitā
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the same text (p.45) yoga is said to happen as a result of vijñāna, sam .yama and tapas, and (p.48) to be the root of knowledge, the essence of asceticism, abiding in goodness, the destruction of dualities and free from hatred and passion.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bhagavadajjukīya
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The Gorakhbān .ī, to which recent scholarship ascribes a date of the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries, 23 is said to date”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Offredi 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The last chapter of Sinister Yogis is predicated on White's theory that an original siddhi-based yoga and its yogis declined progressively to the point where it has now almost disappeared, having been eclipsed by a sanitised, rational”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain key words are consistently misspelt (both in Sinister Yogis and in White's 2009 article): jina is found everywhere, including in the index, as jīna; pāda (as in a textual division of a tantric work or the Yogasūtra) as pada; nikāya as nikaya.The same is true of important Hindi terms: akhād .ā is everywhere ākhād .a; Kumbh(a) Melā is Kumbhā Melā; and the long final -ī of sect names such as”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Dattātreyayogaśāstra is the first text to teach a systematised hat .hayoga and call it as such.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dattātreyayogaśāstra
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Neither the Vivekamārtan .d .a nor a contemporaneous work on yoga also attributed to Goraks .a, the Goraks .aśataka, 33 calls its yoga hat .ha. 34”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vivekamārtaṇḍa
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gorakṣaśataka
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but that text in fact trumps alchemical practice with the yogic technique of aṅgamardana, in which the body is subjected to techniques paralleled, in both name and manner, by those of alchemy (Khecarīvidyā 2.72-79, on which see Mallinson 2007, p. 220 n. 328).”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Khecarīvidyā 2.72-79
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Payohārī Jī's yogic mastery was not exceptional in the Rāmānandī tradition.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet White does the same, conflating Muslim fakirs with Hindu yogis throughout Chapter Six and adducing reports of bizarre practices undertaken by holy men of any sort to support his argument that yogis were sinister.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While many nijī or private Nāth establishments have, over the years, met their end-as is the nature of monasteries dependent on their residents' charisma to attract patronage-others, especially the pañcāyatī establishments controlled by the Mahāsabhā, are flourishing.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mumuks .u yoga tradition of hat .hayoga, which is espoused by the Rāmānandīs and Daśanāmīs, has been the predominant variety of yoga practice for at least five hundred years and is the basis of much of the yoga practised in the West, but it is completely ignored or overlooked by White in Sinister Yogis.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The one doctrinal (as opposed to hagiographical or devotional) Sanskrit text composed by Nāths after the formalisation of their order, the c. eighteenth-century Siddhasiddhāntapaddhati, does not teach hat .hayoga; on the contrary, in its more avadhūta moments it scorns it.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its current mahant, Yogī Ādityanāth, is the BJP MP for Gorakhpur”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The final chapter of Sinister Yogis charts the supposed demise of the yogi (i.e. the Nāth Yogī).”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the c. 1450 ce Hat .hapradīpikā compilation includes twenty verses from the Dattātreyayogaśāstra”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On pp.108-109 White concedes that the word yoga went through a semantic shift in the first half of the first millennium ce”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent editions of the Yogabīja and Amanaska(yoga) from the Gorakhpur Nāth mandir attribute both texts to Goraks .anātha although there is nothing in the manuscripts of either to connect it with the Nāth tradition.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but credits Matsyendra, Goraks .a and other mahāsiddhas with hat .hayoga's invention and makes no mention of Dattātreya.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The picture is said in its caption to be of a Nāth Yogī.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“is in fact a twentieth-century account of the Yogī order, drawing in places on older texts but written in the first person by one Candranāth Yogī.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is because they did not practise much yoga (or at least the clearly visible methods of hat .hayoga).”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“White rightly associates these siddhi-oriented yogis with the order which from perhaps the early eighteenth century came to be known as the Nāths, but whose members, heirs to the Paścimāmnāya sādhaka tradition that originated in the Deccan, were before then known simply as Yogīs.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Sinister Yogis, White makes no reference to this distinction and reproduces the conflation of the sādhaka and the yogin found in some Śākta works, such as the Brahmayāmala, 14 thereby compounding his conflation of siddhis and yoga.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brahmayāmala
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many tantric texts a distinction is made between the sādhaka, who has undertaken the third highest of the four tantric dīkṣās and practises mantra-repetition for siddhis, and the yogin, whose practice is separate from this system, and for whom liberation is usually the main aim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Elsewhere (p.32), White cites a passage from the Bhagavadajjukīya in which by means of yoga (yogena) a yogi enters a young woman's corpse.But, again, his entering the corpse is not yoga, it is the result of yoga.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bhagavadajjukīya
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather than let the reader decide its merits for him-or herself, he coerces the reader to accept his opinion.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“White suggests (p.46) that the practice of vajrolīmudrā, in which the yogin (or yoginī) draws liquids up through the urethra, is part of rājayoga, adducing Amanaska 2.32, 24 the import of which is in fact that those who practise various esoteric techniques including vajrolīmudrā will not achieve physical perfection without rājayoga.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amanaska 2.32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“White's interpretations of the contents of texts are often erroneous too.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The yogis described have achieved magical powers as a result of their practice of yoga and other techniques, which they then put to evil ends.The powers are not the practice.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is little in the way of new textual research and, where drawn on directly, editions are used uncritically: no variant readings are noted nor manuscripts consulted.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hanges in the referents of the words yoga and yogin (and the latter's vernacular derivatives) lie at the heart of a methodological problem which afflicts Sinister Yogis: it is often unclear whether White is exploring the history of the word yoga or of yoga itself.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Yogīs' appropriation of hat .hayoga and adoption of the guise of hat .hayogins has, as noted above, happened for various reasons, in some of which the Yogīs have themselves been complicit.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dādū composed a text on bodily yoga, the Kāyābelī”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Its 'sinister' connotations and its use as a caste name by a variety of low-status groups including snake-charmers and Muslim devotional singers have led to its being eschewed as a title by even the Nāths themselves (as noted by White on p. 223), as well as by higher-status Yogī castes in Rajasthan who now also call themselves Nāths.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites White on p. 223
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The alchemical and hat .hayogic traditions do share some esoteric vocabulary, but this shared terminology is simply drawn from a pool accessed by adepts of a broad range of traditions, from the Kashmiri exegetes of Śaivism to the Sants.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“which is claimed in its preface and by others, including White (1996, p. 408 n. 183), to be a translation into Hindi of a Bengali translation of a Marathi work written in the thirteenth century by Jñāndev”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites White (1996, p. 408 n. 183) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the seventeenth-century Dādūpanthī scholar-poet Sundardās wrote extensively on yoga in his Sarvāṅgayogapradīpikā and Jñānasamudra.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In spite of these well-known bhakta yogis, bhakti and yoga are often thought to be incompatible”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“in the Bhaktamāl of Nābhadās, which was composed in about 1600, he is described as a mahāmuni whose seed was turned upwards (ūrdhretā -the condition of the yogi who has mastered his bindu) and who was waited on by kings.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“certain features of the Dattātreyayogaśāstra and the Śivasam .hitā show that they were affiliated to two ascetic traditions which in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries formally coalesced, with other lineages, to form the Daśanāmī Sam .nyāsī sam .pradāya, and from subgroups of which it is likely that the Rāmānandīs seceded, probably at some point”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dattātreyayogaśāstra
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Śivasamhitā
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“His disciple Kīlha and grand-disciple Dvārkādās are remembered as great yogis who conquered death (just as Gorakhnāth does in a variety of Nāth legends), with Kīlha being said in Nābhādās's Bhaktamāl to have used the power of his yoga practice to exit his body through the aperture of Brahmā at the top of the skull.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yogī can still have 'sinister' connotations in Hindi, but that role is better played by jogī, the latter also carrying with it associations of low social status.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is easier to distinguish between these two types of yogin in vernacular languages.”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
In the tantric traditions, siddhis are the main aim of the initiate.
“In the tantric traditions, on the other hand, siddhis are the main aim of the initiate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most common means of attaining siddhis in tantric traditions is mantra-repetition.
“Various means of attaining them are taught, but the most common is mantra-repetition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When haṭha yoga practices started to be codified in Sanskrit texts in the eleventh or twelfth centuries, it was soon appropriated by Kaula tantric traditions that brought their bubhukṣu emphasis on siddhis with them.
“When the hat .ha variety of yoga practices started to be codified in Sanskrit texts in the eleventh or twelfth centuries, it was soon appropriated by Kaula tantric traditions that brought their bubhuks .u emphasis on siddhis with them.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many tantric texts a distinction is made between the sādhaka, who has undertaken the third highest of the four tantric dīkṣās and practises mantra-repetition for siddhis, and the yogin, whose practice is separate from this system, and for whom liberation is usually the main aim.
“In many tantric texts a distinction is made between the sādhaka, who has undertaken the third highest of the four tantric dīks .ās and practises mantrarepetition for siddhis, and the yogin, whose practice is separate from this system, and for whom liberation is usually the main aim.”
The paper relies on this without support.
That these Nāth Yogīs were the originators and foremost exponents of haṭhayoga is a given of all historical studies of yoga.
“That these”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Yogasūtra was composed in the fourth or fifth centuries CE.
“since the composition of the Yogasūtra in the fourth or fifth centuries ce.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Dattātreyayogaśāstra is a thirteenth-century text.
“This is evinced in texts such as the thirteenth-century Dattātreyayogaśāstra and the fifteenth-century Śivasam .hitā.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Śivasamhitā is a fifteenth-century text.
“the thirteenth-century Dattātreyayogaśāstra and the fifteenth-century Śivasam .hitā.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Vivekamārtaṇḍa is a thirteenth-to fourteenth-century text.
“the thirteenth-to fourteenth-century Vivekamārtan .d .a”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Yogabīja is a c. fourteenth-century text.
“the c. fourteenth-century Yogabīja.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > Abstract
“Chapter Six contains a useful survey of travellers' descriptions of yogis and fakirs which builds on and complements those of Pinch (2006) and Singleton (2009).”
§ The Yogīs' Latest Trick 1 > References
“31. Singleton, Mark, Yoga Body. (New York, 2010).”
Citations
Cites
The Hindus: an alternative history
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-6739 · Cited by 373 · cited 1×
“2As examples of the former, see Pinch 2006:200–210, Doniger 2009: ch. 15 or Alter 2011: ch. 5; for the latter see e.g. Dalrymple 2009: ch. 9.”
BackgroundSingleton, M. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395358.001.0001 · Cited by 255
The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India
White, D. G. (1996) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226149349.001.0001 · Cited by 219
Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires
Pinch, W. R. (2006) · Wesleyan University Digital Collections (Wesleyan University) · Cited by 154
Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts
White, D. G. (2003) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226027838.001.0001 · Cited by 153
The Two Sources of Indian Asceticism
Olivelle, P., & Bronkhorst, J. (1995) · Journal of the American Oriental Society · doi:10.2307/605355 · Cited by 82
(2003) · doi:10.7208/9780226027838 · Cited by 71
Gold, A. G. (1992) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520911550 · Cited by 54
Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India
Dalrymple, W. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 37
Clark, M. (2006) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789047410027 · Cited by 37
Research works printed but not linked: 31
- Yogī, 1924, Yogisampradāyāviṣkṛti
- Sastri, 1956, The Cultural Heritage of India. Vol. 4: The Religions, 300
- Gharote, 2005, Descriptive Catalogue of Yoga Manuscripts (Updated)
- Alter, 2011, Moral Masculinity: Sex and Maculinity in Modern India
- Sarvāṅgayogapradīpikā of Sundardās, in Sundar-granthāvalī, (ed.) Rāmeś Candra Miśra. (Naī Dillī: Kitāb Ghar, 1992).
- (Śrī)bhaktmāl , (ed.) Śrīvrajvallabhśaraṇ. (Vṛndāvan, Śrīsarveśvar Press, 1960).
- Bodhasāra of Narahari, (ed.) Jennifer Cover; Grahame Cover; Kanchan V.Mande. (Charleston, S.C., 2010).
- Dattātreyayogaśāstra , unpublished critical edition by James Mallinson. 53
- Jñān Samudra of Sundardās, in Sundar-Granthāvalī, (ed.) Rāmeś Candra Miśra. (Naī Dillī: Kitāb Ghar, 1992).
- Jayākhyasaṃhitā , (ed.) Embar Krishnamacharya. (Baroda Oriental Institute, 1967).
- Kanhāvat of Malik Muhammad Jāyasī, (ed.) Parameśvarī Lāl Gupta. Vārāṇasī: Annapūrṇā Prakāśana. 1981.
- Maitrāyaṇīyopaniṣad , (ed.) J.A.B. van Buitenen. (The Hague, Mouton and Co. 1962).
- Yogabīja , (ed.) Rām Lāl Śrīvāstav. (Gorakhpur, Śrī Gorakhnāth Mandir, 1982).
- Bhagavadajjukīyam of Bodhāyana Kavi, (ed.) P. Anjuan Achan. (Jayantamangalam, Paliyam Mss. Library. 1925).
- Mallinson James 2011c, “Nāth Saṃpradāya,” entry in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3, (ed.) Knut A. Jacobsen, pp. 407–428. (Leiden, 2011).
- Vasudeva, 2004, The Yoga of the Mālinīvijayottaratantra
- Haṭhapradīpikā of Svātmārāma, (ed.) Svāmī Digambarjī and Dr Pītambar Jhā. (Lonavla, Kaivalyadhām S.M.Y.M. Samiti, 1970).
- Yogaśāstra of Hemacandra, (ed.) Olle Quarnström. (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
- Padmāvatī of Jayasī = The Padumāwati of Malik Muḥammad Jaisi, (ed.) G.A.Grierson and S.Dvivedi. (Calcutta Asiatic Society, 1911).
- Offredi, 1999, Studies in Early Modern Indo-Aryan Languages, Literature and Culture, 267
- Unbescheid, 1980, Kānphatā. Untersuchungen zu kult, mythologie und geschichte sivaistischer tantriker in Nepal
- Yogasūtra of Patañjali with the commentaries (Bhāṣya, Tattvavaiśāradī, and Yogavārttikā) of Vyāsa, Vācaspatimiśra, and Vijñānabhikṣu, (ed.) Nārāyaṇa Miśra. (Benares, Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśan, 1971).
- Sidh Goṣṭh , pp. 938–946 in Śrī Guru Granth Sāhib.
- Shea, 1843, The Dabistān: or School of Manners
- Mṛcchakaṭika of Śūdraka, (ed.) M.R. Kale. (Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass. 1999).
- Mallinson James Forthcoming, “Śāktism and Haṭhayoga”, in The Śākta Traditions. (London, Routledge Curzon). A draft of this article is available on my academia.edu page.
- Siddhasiddhāntapaddhati of Gorakṣanātha, (ed.) M.L. Gharote and G.K. Pai. (Lonavla, Lonavla Yoga Institute, 2005).
- Vārāṅ Bhāī Gurdās , (ed.) Jodh Singh. (Patiala, Vision & Venture, 1998).
- Mudrārākṣasa of Viśākhadatta, (ed.) M.R. Kale. (Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass. 1976).
- Mahābhārata , (ed.) V.Sukthankar, with the cooperation of S.K. Belvalkar, A.B. Gajendragadkar, V. Kane, R.D. Karmarkar, P.L. Vaidya, S. Winternitz, R. Zimmerman and other scholars and illustrated by Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi. (Since 1943 (ed.) S.K.Belvalkar). 19 Vols. (Poona, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1927–1959).
- Śūnyasaṃpādane , Vols. I and V, (eds.) S.C. Nandimath, L.M.A. Menezes, R.C. Hiremath, M.S. Sunkapur. (Dharwar, Karnatak University, 1965–1972, 2006).
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Foxen, A. P. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Religion · doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfw077 · Cited by 12
Chapter 4: Yoga and Sex: What is the Purpose of Vajrolīmudrā?
Mallinson, J. (2018) · V&R unipress eBooks · doi:10.14220/9783737008624.181 · Cited by 15
Self-citationRitual, Self and Yoga: On the Ways and Goals of Salvation in the Kaṭha Upaniṣad
Haas, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Indian Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10781-019-09408-y · Cited by 9
“For a critical review of White 2009b, see Mallinson 2013 as well as Nicholson 2010. of Dron ˙ a, who ascended to heaven / the World of Brahman through the application of yoga: MBh VII 165.39–42103 Having resorted to yoga, that great ascetic who had become a light advanced to heaven […] When he was…”
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Jodhka, S. S. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315682570-20 · Cited by 5
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Barois, C. (2020) · Journal of Yoga Studies · doi:10.34000/joys.2020.v3.002 · Cited by 3
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Haas, D. A. (2023) · Asian Literature and Translation · doi:10.18573/alt.57 · Cited by 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- MALLINSON, J.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- MALLINSON, JAMES
- ORCID
- MALLINSON, JAMES
- Venue
- Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-12-03
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 165-180
- ISSN
- 0035-869X (ISSN-L)
- 2051-2066
- OpenAlex
- W1982060743
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (publishedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies
- Keywords
- Tantra, yoga, alchemy, textual criticism, philology, Mircea Eliade, history of religions, Indology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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