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Cited by 391Gender Politics and RepresentationElectoral Systems and Political ParticipationGender Diversity and Inequality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Is Gender like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups

Htun, Mala·2004·Perspectives on Politics
DOI 10.1017/s1537592704040241
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Abstract

Some 50 countries officially allocate access to political power by gender, ethnicity, or both. Yet in the world's electoral democracies, the policies used for women differ systematically from those used for ethnic groups. The former receive candidate quotas in parties; the latter, reserved seats in legislatures. Why? My explanation focuses on the varying ways that gender and ethnic identities intersect with partisan cleavages and on the distinct “work” performed by the different remedies for underrepresentation. Quotas, which make space within existing parties, are appropriate for groups whose boundaries crosscut partisan divisions. Reservations, which create incentives for the formation of group-specific parties and permit them direct representation, suit groups whose boundaries coincide with political cleavages. Since gender is crosscutting while ethnicity tends to be coinciding, women receive candidate quotas while ethnic groups get legislative reservations. Claims for inclusion via quotas pose less of a challenge to liberal institutions than claims to difference through legislative reservations. Case studies of representational politics in France, India, and Peru illustrate the argument.Mala Htun is author of Sex and the State: Abortion, Divorce, and the Family under Latin American Dictatorships and Democracies. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance and advice of Kanchan Chandra, Jorge Domínguez, Jennifer Hochschild, Mark Jones, Courtney Jung, Jim Miller, Vict…

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Citations

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Show all 77 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Jones, 1999, Journal of Politics, 44, 53
  2. Steiner, 2002, Acta Politica, 1, 2, 104
  3. Forum for Democratic Reforms, 2000, Manushi, 116, 187
  4. Nath, 1996, Manushi, 96, 178
  5. 10.1525/as.2000.40.5.01p01013 · DOI
  6. 10.2307/3176978 · DOI
  7. Deschouwer, 2002, Acta Politica, 37, 68

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Metadata

Authors
Htun, M.
Affiliations
The New School (US)
Corresponding author
Htun, Mala
ORCID
Htun, Mala
Venue
Perspectives on Politics
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2004-09
Volume
2
Issue
03
ISSN
  • 1537-5927 (ISSN-L)
  • 1541-0986
DOI
10.1017/s1537592704040241
OpenAlex
W2149518891
Cited by
391
References
77
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 12
FWCI
36.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Perspectives on Politics (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
Keywords
gender quotas, ethnic quotas, reserved seats, political representation, underrepresentation, liberal institutions, women's political participation, ethnic minorities, France, India, Peru

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