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Cited by 84Gender Politics and RepresentationGender, Feminism, and MediaSocial Media and Politics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.

Three Dimensions of Gendered Online Abuse: Analyzing Swedish MPs' Experiences of Social Media

Open access
Erikson, Josefina, Håkansson, Sandra, Josefsson, Cecilia·2023·Perspectives on Politics
DOI 10.1017/s1537592721002048
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Abstract

Women’s political representation has increased rapidly in the past few decades, but significant barriers continue to circumscribe women’s political participation in a myriad of ways. Previous research has indicated that online abuse constitutes one such obstacle. Yet, only a small number of studies have systematically examined and compared the experiences of online abuse of men and women politicians. We argue that it is not enough to merely state that online abuse is gendered if we wish to understand and tackle such abuse: it is essential to know how it is gendered. In this article we conceptualize gendered online abuse in terms of three dimensions—frequency, character, and consequences—so that we can provide a more comprehensive empirical understanding of its prevalence. Using original survey data and interviews with a large number of Swedish MPs, we demonstrate the merit of unpacking the concept of such abuse in respect to different analytical dimensions. We find all three dimensions to be gendered in the Swedish context but in different and sometimes unexpected ways. Although women do not experience a higher frequency of online abuse than men, the character of the abuse is gendered insofar as women MPs are subjected to more sexualized and gendered harassment. We also find that men exposed to high levels of online abuse seem slightly more inclined to leave politics, whereas women report that they feel that their personal agency is circumscribed to a greater extent.

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Figure 3 Comments Linked to Gender, Sexuality, or Both
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Citations

Cites

Show all 40 references

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. 2019, Tweets that Chill: Analyzing Online Violence against Women in Politics
  2. Van der Wilk, 2018, Cyber Violence and Hate Speech Online against Women
  3. Fernquist, 2020, Det digitala hatets karaktär. En studie av hat mot kvinnor och män i utsatta yrkesgrupper
  4. Bardall, 2011, Breaking the Mold: Understanding Gender and Electoral Violence
  5. Frenzel, 2019, Politikernas Trygghetsundersökning 2019. Förtroendevaldas utsatthet och oro för trakasserier, hot och våld under valåret 2018
  6. 2013, A Comparative Study of Structures for Women MPs in the OSCE Region
  7. Amnesty International. 2018. Toxic Twitter—A Toxic Place for Women. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2018/03/online-violence-against-women-chapter-1/.
  8. 2016, Sexism, Harassment and Violence against Women Parliamentarians. Issues Brief
  9. Lovenduski, 2005, Feminizing Politics
  10. 2018, The Global Gender Gap Report
  11. Dittmar, 2018, A Seat at the Table: Congresswomen’s Perspectives on Why their Presence Matters

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Metadata

Authors
Erikson, J., Håkansson, S., & Josefsson, C.
Affiliations
Uppsala University (SE)
ORCID
Venue
Perspectives on Politics
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2021-08-24
Volume
21
Issue
3
Pages
896-912
ISSN
  • 1537-5927 (ISSN-L)
  • 1541-0986
DOI
10.1017/s1537592721002048
OpenAlex
W3195174017
Cited by
67
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2
FWCI
8.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Perspectives on Politics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Vetenskapsrådet (2018-01027, 2018-)
  • Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd (2018-01027)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
  • Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
Keywords
online harassment, women politicians, women's political representation, gender-based harassment, political participation, individual agency, social media use

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