A Feminist Institutionalist Approach

“(Lowndes 2005: 306; see also Kenny 2014).”

“…theories, from entrepreneurship (Calás, Smircich, & Bourne, 2009; Verduijn, Dey, Tedmanson, & Essers, 2014) to new institutional theory (Kenny, 2013), and technology and innovation (Schiebinger & Schraudner, 2011), from communication (Ashcraft & Mumby, 2003; Buzzanell, 1994), and…”

“Elite interviews constitute an important tool within processtracing, especially when studying informality: while formal documents – that is, party statutes or electoral laws – stipulate what should happen, insider narratives reveal what does happen, yielding information about the otherwise hidden aspects of actors’ be…”

“It is our task as researchers to make these informal rules visible, in order to change them (Kenny, 2014).”

“Yet several female interviewees said it took them years to decode the unwritten rules of the game (Bjarnegård 2013; Franceschet 2011; Kenny 2014).”

“Recent theoretical developments within feminist institutionalism (Kenny 2014; Krook and Mackay 2011a; Mackay et al. 2010) provide useful analytical frameworks for exploring the relevance and interaction between three types of formal and informal institutions – systemic, practical and normative…”

“Feminist institutionalism shows how cis females’ unequal social positions are normalised via male-dominated organisations and mechanisms (see Kenny, 2014); this process also applies to the normalisation of gender binaries.”

“Recent feminist institutionalist approaches underline how a lack of political ambition is also shaped by context and institutions, such as gendered opportunity structures which favour men (Carroll and Sanbonmatsu 2013; Kenny 2014).”

“In keeping with an FI approach, which seeks to map the formal rules of politics and the actions of informal actors (Kenny, 2014) we employed a qualitiative research methodology, seeking a nuanced understanding of the time, place, political contexts as well as the motivations of the key actors.”

“These policies and achieved or expected results regarding gender equality are discussed from a feminist institutionalist perspective (Kenny, 2014; Krook and Mackay, 2011; Mackay et al., 2010) and a practice theoretical point of view (Schatzki, 1996; Schatzki, 2003).”

“…Eschle and Maiguashca 2010); the “feminization” literature in political science (Lovenduski 2005); and an array of other feminist research on gender and organizations (Kenny 2014; Puwar 2004), gender and social movements (Coleman and Bassi 2011), and the politics of affect (Dean 2014; Ahmed 2004).”

“…can change due both to external and internal influences, putting forward “a bounded model of institutional change” (Mackay et al, 2010, 578) or “bounded innovation” (Kenny, 2014) through the incremental processes of displacement, layering, drift and conversion (Mahoney and Thelen, 2010).”

“From this perspective, understanding expressed ideas about gender helps understand institutional reform processes by taking into account how gender discourses affect institutional dynamics and vice versa (Kenny 2014).”

“Theoretically, this article adopts a feminist institutional approach, drawing from the work of Kenny (2013), Mackay and Krook (2015), and Mackay, Kenny, and Chappell (2010), in particular.”

“Feminist institutionalists have been interested in informal practices and institutions (Krook and Mackay 2011; Kenny 2013, 2014; Kenny and Bjarnegard 2015).”

“A feminist institutional analysis ‘genders institutionalism’ (Lovenduski, 2011), showing how institutions privilege malestream ways of working, highlighting how bias exists and can be understood as stereotypes, norms, opinions and work–place culture (Kenny, 2014; Mackay et al., 2010).”

“Feminist Institutionalism (FI) holds that legislators ’ inclination and ability to act as substantive representatives depend on the (dis)incentives and opportunities within their gendered institutional contexts (Franceschet, 2011; Kenny, 2014; Mackay et al., 2010; Tremblay, 2003).”

“Out of these four facets, following Kenny (2014), we take institutional continuity and change as well as formal and informal institutions into consideration in order to analyse forest tenure regimes from feminist institutionalist perspective.”

“…in comparative politics that draws on feminist institutionalist theory to illuminate how gender relations shape women ’ s behavior inside legislatures and in political parties (Barnes 2016; Clayton and Zetterberg 2021; Htun 2002; Kenny 2014; Krook and Mackay 2011; Sacchet 2011; Wylie 2018).”

“…therefore, again, inserting gender perspective is requisite to inclusively including women as an entity in the institutional system.46 According to Kenny (2013), feminists have claimed that institutions intertwine gendered relationships between the construction of masculinity and femininity in…”

“The present analysis is therefore embedded in the theoretical framework of feminist institutionalism (Kenny, 2014; Krook & Mackay, 2011; Mackay et al., 2011).”

“In doing so, the focus is often on the formal and informal ‘rules of the game’ (Kenny 2007, 2014, Mackay et al 2010, Krook and Mackay 2011).”

“A feminist, institutionalist approach seeks to systematically uncover the ways in which the “ formal and informal dimensions ” of institutions are gendered (Kenny, 2014: 679-80).”

“A historical outlook on gender politics is important since placing politics in time helps to understand the emergence of a particular outcome (Kenny, 2014).”

“Cette approche, influencée par les travaux pionniers de Krook et Mackay 13 et de Kenny 14 , attire notre attention d’abord sur l’effet que la PAIF, en tant que norme nationale, a eu sur la coopération: les opportunités qu’elle a créées et les contraintes qu’elle a imposées.”

“Feminist institution-alist approaches highlight the role of formal and informal institutional rules in continuity and change in gendered institutions (Chappell and Mackay 2017, 25 – 28; Kenny 2013; Waylen 2017).”

“…of their definition of institutions, FI scholars generally agree that uncovering the institutional sources of gender inequalities necessitates complex empirical approaches that capture multiple footprints of institutional power (Bjarnegård and Kenny 2016; Kenny 2014; Lowndes 2020; Waylen 2017).”

“Finally, this literature acknowledges the methodological challenges associated with capturing gender impacts (Kenny 2014).”

“To this end, we adopt a feminist institutionalist approach which will help us address these resistances as the foundations of political institutions, institutional processes, and mechanisms of continuity and change are gendered (Kenny, 2014).”

“Feminist institutionalist scholarship suggests that increases in descriptive representation alone does not automatically change institutional norms (Acker 2012; Kenny 2014; Mackay, Kenny, and Chappell 2010).”

“Combining feminist and new institutionalist premises, such an approach recognises the gendered nature of these institutions, but also how they in turn produce gendered effects themselves (Kenny 2014: 679; Mackay et al. 2010: 581; Ansorg and Haastrup 2018: 1130).”

“Institutions, the formal and informal rules of the game by which members navigate the logics of appropriateness (Kenny 2014), include norms, practices, and discourses, which prescribe and proscribe what is often considered acceptable for men and women as masculine and feminine.”

“Furthermore, the findings on sabotage and exclusion from political competition support feminist institutionalist arguments by Kenny (2014) and Mackay and Murtagh (2019).”

“In the years following the first national elections with quota application (2014), the UTDC was inundated with cases, the most serious of which were passed on to Javier Miranda, who had assumed the presidency of the FA in mid 2016.”

“Combined with discussion of their experiences of, and the policy and process of the Department of Home Affairs, the paper also contributes to the scholarship on feminist institutionalism (Kenny 2014).”

“15 This study’s contribution lies not in discovering entirely new categories of barriers, but in revealing how globally recognized barriers are refracted through China’s specific institutional and cultural lens.”

“For example, Thomson (2017) posited that FI scholars have questioned why institutions hinder greater women’s representation (Kenny, 2013b); how informal institutions can inhibit progressive gendered change (Waylen, 2014), and why new institutions revert to older practices which can often signal…”

“Hence, the State as a collection of institutions offers complex and varying opportunities for gender-mainstreaming strategies and for feminist engagement (Spary 2008), which may provide significant openings or limitations for gender-responsive development policy (Kenny 2014).”