The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 34 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media
Open accessAbstract
Studies exploring the link between the representation of judges, photography and mass media tend to focus on the appearance of cameras in courtrooms and the reproduction of the resulting photographs in the press at the beginning of the twentieth century. But more than fifty years separate these developments from the birth of photography in the late 1830s. This study examines a previously unexplored encounter between the English judiciary and photography that began in the 1860s. The pictures where known as ‘carte de visite’. They were the first type of photographic image capable of being mass produced. It is a form of photography that, for a period of almost twenty years, attracted a frenzy of interest. Drawing upon a number of archives, including the library of Lincoln's Inn, London's National Portrait Gallery and my own personal collection this paper has two objectives. The first is to examine the carte portraits of senior members of the judiciary that were produced during that time. What appears within the frame of this new form of judicial portraiture? Of particular interest is the impact the chemical and technological developments that come together in carte photographs had on what appears within the frame of portraits. The second objective is to examine the manner in which they were displayed. This engages a commonplace of scholarship on portraiture; the location and mode of display shape the meaning of what lies within the frame of the picture. Carte portraits were produced with a particular display in mind: the album. They were to be viewed not in isolation, but as part of an assemblage of portraits. Few albums survive. Those that do offer a rare opportunity to examine the way carte portraits of judges were used and the meanings they generated through their display. Three albums containing carte portraits of judges will be considered.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper examines carte de visite portraits of senior English judges from the 1860s as an early mass-media photography phenomenon, analyzing what appears within the frame and how album display shaped meaning. Through three surviving albums, it argues these portraits both reproduced state-portraiture conventions and made judicial authority more ordinary, intimate, and commercially visible.
Key findings
- Carte de visite were the first mass-produced photographic images: an estimated 300–400 million cartes were sold in England between 1862 and 1866, and up to 4 million cartes of Queen Victoria were sold between 1860 and 1862; 1866 copyright records list 44 carte portraits of Victoria, 77 of the Prince of Wales, and 70 of Princess Alexandra.
- Judicial cartes often follow state-portraiture conventions—robes, wigs, regalia, plain backgrounds—but also include civilian/bourgeois informal portraits; their small size (about 89 by 58 mm) and photographic detail produced experiences of proximity, intimacy, and “warts and all” openness.
- Three albums show different imagined communities: the Effie Chitty album (48 pages, 135 portraits) domesticates judicial portraits into genealogy; Lincoln’s Inn “Album 2” (34 pages, 91 carte portraits and 2 cabinet cards, 82 sitters identified as judicial office-holders) displays legal professional hierarchy as family; the NPG “Tichborne Claimant Trial Album” (50 pages, 148 carte portraits; 14 judge portraits, 12 in state-portrait style) places judges within a Grangerised civil-society display and courtroom drama.
- Studios commodified judges’ “attention capital”: an 1866 S.B. Beal catalogue listed judicial cartes for sale, and Cockburn’s Tichborne role included a 188-day criminal trial, an 800-page summary reported in newspapers for eighteen days, and later publication as a book.
Methods
- Archival and visual study drawing on Lincoln’s Inn library (over 400 carte portraits, many of judges), London’s National Portrait Gallery, and the author’s personal collection purchased via eBay.
- Close analysis of three albums containing carte portraits of judges: the Effie Chitty album, Lincoln’s Inn “Album 2,” and the NPG “Tichborne Claimant Trial Album.”
- Interpretive historical analysis of composition within the frame and of album curation/display, using portraiture scholarship on state portraiture, Grangerising, and carte-album practices rather than quantitative methods.
Limitations
- The paper states that few carte albums survive; provenance for “Album 2” is little known; the Tichborne album’s title is misleading because most portraits are unrelated to the case; primary versus secondary market production is often impossible to distinguish; cartes lack dates and captions may have been added or amended later.
- Evident from the text: the analysis rests on three surviving albums plus the author’s personal collection, so it is not a representative sample; there is no systematic sampling or quantitative coding, and claims about the meanings generated by display are interpretive.
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Claims the paper makes
72 Own interpretation · 32 No basis given · 19 Sources not found · 14 Own result · 12 No full text of the sources · 11 Not checked yet · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“When on display for sale to the public, they were always presented in the shop window in multiple portrait displays (Moran, 2017).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Moran, 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Judges on display: locating the meaning’ section says studio windows clustered carte portraits and that individual cartes were not viewed in isolation in those displays. The ‘Carte de visite portraiture’ section also says cartes were sold through other outlets, so the paper does not establish that portraits displayed for sale were always presented in shop windows. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Carte portraits were rarely viewed in isolation.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cartes were displayed in an album.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The sitter most frequently represented in the album, appearing in eight portraits, is 'Sir Frederick Pollock'.28”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the carte portraits of judicial office-holders show the sitter not in robes of office, but in civilian dress.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People who purchased them also displayed them with other carte portraits.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Various family members were legal professionals, including judges.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those that do are confined to nine of the fifty pages of the album.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With one exception, the captions that accompany these portraits, 'Grandfather', emphasise their family meaning.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Others include obtaining new cartes through other social encounters.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the Tichborne subset in which the judges appear actually disrupts the hierarchy that shapes the larger distribution of portraits.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fourteen portraits of judges occupy a position in the album consistent with their ranking within Granger's imagined hierarchical community: coming after the clergy and before senior politicians.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The location of the carte portraits of judges in the Tichborne album fits this scheme of things.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sitters gathered together in the Tichborne section of that album offer examples of the carte portraits of ordinary subjects made extraordinary: butchers, ex-slaves, otherwise invisible members of the working class.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the pages of the album, they rub shoulders with aristocrats, senior judicial officers and elite politicians.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is amplified by the fidelity of the picture.20”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is evidence that carte portraits of judges were made for sale to the public.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On occasions, it not only involved the arrangement of the portraits, but sometimes it also involved decoration of the album's pages (Di Bello, 2007, pp. 24-25).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Di Bello, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The captions suggest that the family on display here is made up of relations between legal institutional office-holders.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was brought about by the invention of a form of photographic picture known as 'carte de visite'.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Album 2, the family/professional relationship is inverted; legal professional and institutional relations that are displayed as family relations.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the carte examples shown here suggest that the long aesthetic tradition of state portraits used in making painted portraits of judges was incorporated into the portraits of judges made through the new medium of carte photography.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In their combination, these factors worked to produce a form of photography capable of being mass produced.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Metaphors of family relations are commonplace in the interrelationships that make up legal professional communities (Moran, 2011).35”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moran, 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lord Chancellors followed by Chief Justices then High Court judges, Q.C.s and so on is a display of the curator's institutional 'great grandfathers', 'grandfathers', 'fathers', 'uncles' and 'brothers' in law.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 'Effie Chitty' album illustrates that biological family ties and legal professional ties are not mutually exclusive.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The argument presented here is that photography as a form of mass media was having an impact upon the production and consumption of representations of the English judiciary from the early 1860s.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Both informal and formal photographic portraits have the effect of making authority figures look more ordinary, more commonplace, more like the viewer (Perry, 2012).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Perry, 2012 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hand-written captions under each portrait, all of which appear to be in the same hand, offer evidence of the organising system that shapes the imagined community that the portraits visualise.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
hedgedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As some of the carte portraits date from around the time of her birth and the ten or so years that follow, she is unlikely to have been the originator of the album.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 'insinuating and sensuous realism' (Plunkett, 2003b, p. 145) is central to the viewer's experience of mediated quasi intimacy (Thompson, 1995) with the sitter.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Plunkett, 2003b source
- Not matchedcites Thompson, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that all the sitters are adult men does not disrupt the familial and the genealogical themes of the album.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiences were more difficult, if not impossible, to achieve by other techniques of reproduction available at the time.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Holding the carte portrait of a senior judge in the palm of the hand provides the viewer with an experience of physical and social proximity: an intimacy with an otherwise remote subject.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This, Plunkett suggests, was part of the magic and the allure that attracted both viewers and sitters to carte portraits (Plunkett, 2003a, p. 45).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plunkett, 2003a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The repetitive nature of the poses and overall compositions can in part be explained by the technical limitations of photography at the time and the procedures used by the studios to produce carte portraits (Perry, 2012, p. 729).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Perry, 2012 source
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The portraits put it on display and show it to be a homosocial phenomenon in which men are central to the production and reproduction of the legal professional world.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Do the album's organising themes, of professional relations and institutional hierarchy, break with the family and genealogical dynamics of carte albums?In short, the answer is 'no'.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carte portraits provided cheaper, quicker and more easily available opportunities for those in judicial office to not only have access to their own image, but also to circulate it.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In his long judicial career, he had been involved in many cases that attracted lots of media attention.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lobban, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These photographic portraits made the extraordinary, such as royalty and the senior judiciary, appear more ordinary.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Common to all three is the idea of the use of portraiture and its display to fashion community as a set of social relations through which identity is formed and belonging is created.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They played a role in making the ordinary into the extraordinary.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Effie Chitty album, the pictures of judges are made sense of as characters in a network of domestic kinship whose institutional status adds value to the kinship community in general and the curator's position within it in particular.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The display of judicial carte portraits in the Tichborne album illustrates this point.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They offer three examples of the ways in which carte de visit pictures of judges were embedded in community formations.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the section devoted to the trials of the century, the attention capital of senior judicial office-holders that Granger captured in his system of rankings is being challenged.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The result is an imagined community that is different from the other albums considered here.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference between them lies in the shape and scope of the imagined communities formed and put on display in these albums.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Album 2, the curator uses portraits of judicial office-holders to shape and put on display a different network of 'family relations': legal professional relations.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He certainly had ample opportunity to develop his media profile in the 188 days of the criminal trial of the Tichborne claimant.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Last, but by no means least, in the Tichborne album, the curator integrates portraits of judges into a display of the imagined community of civil society.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They now jostle for position, at least temporarily, with the minor celebrities made through the media reports of the courtroom narratives that became so popular.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its range and diversity suggest that, in all likelihood, it stretches way beyond the curator's biological, domestic or professional family.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedgedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If their appearance at this point makes sense in terms of Granger's rankings of a tradition of public visibility, their distribution in and amongst the other characters involved in courtroom drama that made up the 'trial of the century' puts on display the link between their visibility and the changing landscape of celebrity.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 96
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was purchased by the gallery in 1984 from Eric Horne, who inherited it from his grandmother, who purchased it at an auction sometime after the World War I. 37”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The album contains 135 portraits.24”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourteen of the portraits in this section are of judges; twelve are in the style of 'state portraits' of judges.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was donated to Lincoln's Inn late in the twentieth century by the Law Society of England and Wales.It is catalogued as 'Album 2'.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On closer inspection, the album's display appears to be in two parts.The first part, with sixteen portraits (several of the mounts in this part are empty), runs from pages 1 to 9.This is followed by sixty-six that fill the remaining pages.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The album has only one portrait of Effie's father, Sir Joseph William Chitty.It appears on page 6 without a caption.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The final album is catalogued in the NPG's collection as 'The Tichborne Claimant Trial Album: cartes-de-visite by various photographers, 1860s-1870s' (Unknown, undated).Its fifty pages contain 148 carte portraits.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Negotiating swaps with other album owners was another mode of acquisition.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Carte albums have a common format.Each doublesided laminated-card page has a number of frame mounts cut into it; the standard is four per side.21”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Viewing the album provided opportunities to identify sitters, remember them and gossip about their relationships and activities.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of similar size and style to the Effie Chitty album, its thirty-four pages contain ninety-one carte portraits and two larger cabinet-card portraits; some pages have empty mounts.The portraits date from the 1860s to the 1880s.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The album has many of the physical characteristics associated with the familybible format.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reason for this is that, starting on page 10, a clear organising theme is apparent: legal institutional hierarchy.It begins with portraits of sitters identified as Lord Chancellors.The pages that follow group together Lord Chief Justices, 33 followed by those who held the office of Master of the Rolls, Lord Justices and Justices of various divisions of the High Court.34 The final pages display”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These include shopping for new cartes (commissioning photographs or buying readymade cartes).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It begins with the portraits of the lost heir, the claimant and key family members of their respective families.Other portraits are of barristers involved in the cases, and key witnesses and eminent figures who supported the parties.One carte is a group portrait of the members of the jury from the second criminal trial.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The robed cameo portrait is mounted opposite a carte of his brother, Sir George Pollock, also dressed in robes of office: the military regalia associated with the position of Field Marshal.The respective captions are more formal: 'Sir Frederick Pollock' and 'Field Marshall Sir George Pollock'.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Page 3 of the album is made up of a display of seventeen portraits; all are legal professionals, several are judges.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other activities relate to curation: generating a system or a narrative that makes and makes sense of the display as a whole and the position of each carte within the album.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The family organised and displayed in this album is different.It is all male.All its members are adults.The accompanying captions reference each sitter's legal institutional position.Eighty-two are identified as judicial office-holders.32”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time the carte portraits first appeared, they had great novelty.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This captures well the range of sitters in the Tichborne album as a whole.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like the other albums, its binding references the usual associations with 'family' and 'genealogy'.Its etched, red-leather covers are embellished with a number of brass fittings: edgings, twin clasps and interwoven letters 'C', 'A' and 'T'.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Tichborne album has all the hallmarks of a 'Grangerised book'.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Justice Cockburn and senior trial judges appear before the portrait of the Lord Chancellor Roundell Palmer, who held that position during the litigation, between 1872 and 1874.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike graphic and later photographic images of courtroom proceedings in which the judge tends to be a marginal character, the carte de visite portraits put the judges at the centre of the picture.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many respects, what appears within the frame indicates that they are unremarkable portraits.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cockburn, who was one of the judges in the second criminal trial, appears too early in the story and before the judge who presided over the first trial, the civil case, Sir William Bovill.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It begins with two portraits of Queen Victoria: both photographic reproductions of earlier graphic portraitsone that dates from 1825 and the other from 1837.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The working-class butcher appears a second time on the last page of the section, this time as 'The Prisoner'.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They offered viewers the most accurate representations of the physical likeness of the senior members of the judiciary.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The examples considered here are typical of carte portraits of judicial sitters.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subset opens not with a portrait of the highest-ranking judge, but with portraits of the absent aristocrat at the centre of the litigation and the claimantat the time, a working-class, down-at-heel butcher from rural Australia.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While all were active at the time of the Tichborne dispute, the majority do not appear to have had a direct connection with those proceedings.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But the order of their appearance does not quite fit this scheme of things.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The following pages display portraits of aristocrats, both domestic and European, followed by religious figures, including the Pope and the Bishop of London (John Jackson), and famous figures such as Florence Nightingale.The bulk of the album (over 50 per cent) is made up of portraits of writers, artists, actors, actresses and female opera singers.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Di Bello (2007) notes that the work of curation was often undertaken by women.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Di Bello, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The portrait in which he wears judicial regalia is his final appearance in the album.His retirement from judicial office in 1868 suggests the portrait predates that event, making it one of the earliest portraits in the album.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, the carte album was a vehicle for the visualisation of an imagined community and the curator's position within it (Batchen, 2009, p. 91).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Batchen, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The portrait of Joseph Chitty, like the others on the page, probably dates from the early 1870s.25”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Portraits of him dressed in the ceremonial robes of judicial office do exist but they are not in carte format: he was not appointed to judicial office until the fashion for the carte format had been superseded.26”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The display blends and integrates his institutional status emphasised by the portrait's composition into the genealogical themes of the family album.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each institutional category provides an opportunity to show the genealogy of that office.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“'Carte de visite' is a type of photographic picture made possible by the combination of two developments: one in chemistry, the other in the technology of camera optics.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sharp contrast to the multicoloured butterflies and small animals that are to be found on the other pages of the album, the devils that decorate the genealogical display of portraits of members of the legal establishment suggest a playful counter-narrative to the display of these eminent individuals.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
hedgedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is very much a family albuma genealogical display.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One estimate is that between 300 and 400 million cartes were sold in England between 1862 and 1866 (Darrah, 1981, p. 4).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Darrah, 1981, p. 4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carte portraits were produced with a particular display in mind: the album.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The title given to the album refers to a legal dispute that has been described as the greatest cause célèbre of the Victorian age (McWilliam, 2007).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McWilliam, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It depicts him as the embodiment of bourgeois respectability.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But calling this album after these legal proceedings is misleading.The majority of portraits in the album have no connection with the Tichborne case.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Albums also provided opportunities for the curator to construct and display a network of relations that involved what Batchen describes as 'flights of fancy and expressions of sentiment' (2009, p. 92).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Batchen, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the first section is more idiosyncratic, more personal and the legibility of the system is now difficult to decipher.But its priority over the use of portraits in a display of legal institutional hierarchy suggests it had particular significance for the album's curator.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Holborn (2013) describes the Chitty and Pollock families as two of the bestknown nineteenth-century legal dynasties.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holborn, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Large-scale full-body portraits have long been associated with the expression of high status and social distance.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lloyd, 2009, p. 18
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Album 2 puts the legal professional investment in this ordinariness on display and shows how it has been integrated into the curator's sense of belonging in the legal professional family.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Scholars have noted that a common characteristic of carte albums is the way in which were designed to look like a family bible.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, it became fashionable to use them as calling cardsa phenomenon particularly associated with city settings (Batchen, 2009, p. 88).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Batchen, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the carte portrait of Sir Frederick Pollock in his judicial robes of office does stand out from the other portraits in the album, like the portrait of 'Baron Martin', it is not out of place in a family album and a display devoted to genealogical.It is woven into it.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Album-making and album-gazing were central to the experience of this form of portraiture (Perry, 2012, p. 741).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Perry, 2012 source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If, in part, the family-bible format suggests the album was a device for putting the curator's immediate kinship and social network on display, the curatorial process was not limited to these imagined communities.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Professional social networks are a form of kinshipa set of relationships through which the members negotiate the trials and tribulations of their professional life course (Butler, 2002).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Butler, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Small portraits are associated social proximity and intimacy (Lloyd, 2009, p. 18).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lloyd, 2009, p. 18
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A portrait assisted in authenticating identity in the relatively anonymous context of a city (McCauley, 1985, p. 30).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McCauley, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Her mother, Jessie, was the daughter of an eminent judge, Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock, who was Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer (1844-66), and his second wife, Sarah Ann Amowah (Rigg, 2004b).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rigg, 2004b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Her father, Sir Joseph William Chitty, enjoyed a successful career at the Bar and was appointed a judge of the High Court in 1881 (Rigg, 2004a).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rigg, 2004a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Albums became a feature of many households from the aristocracy to the lower middle classes (Hargreaves, 2001, p. 8).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hargreaves, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Displayed opposite his parents, its position emphasises the portrait's family meaning and genealogical significance.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the multiple appearances of Sir Frederick give visual form to his dynastic significance, the final cameo celebrates and adds the value that comes from his institutional status to the domestic dynastic community displayed in and through the album's pages.31”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The ability to hold these small portraits close to the body also draws attention to a commonplace of portrait scholarship that the location of the picture and the mode of display impact on its meaning (Pointon, 1993).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pointon, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Giving and exchanging cartes also became linked to specific celebrations, such as New Year's Day (McCauley, 1985, p. 28).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McCauley, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Their meaning is also shaped by practices of curation and the mode and location of their display (Pointon, 1993).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pointon, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Granger's system classifies society by way of a range of categories of 'wellknownness', or 'renown' (Kornmeier, 2008, p. 278).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kornmeier, 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest officers of state court officers and senior aristocrats are the respected avuncular figures and elder siblings.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reduced cost of portraiture and the entrepreneurial zeal of the studios not only widened access to portraiture of royalty, aristocrats and senior judges (all of whom had already made use of portraiture), but it also created new opportunities for public visibility for a much wider range of people.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That association with the lowest is more quixotic, idiosyncratic, lacking in substance and legitimacy.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their incorporation into portraits of authority figures was not unique to the judiciary, but indicative of wider changes taking place in the signs used in the depiction of figures of authority.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The closing display of the claimant as 'The Prisoner', his wife and his two crucial now discredited witnesses 39 shows the just deserts that follow the restoration of the status quo.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another other important dimension of this change is the opportunities carte portraits provided for viewers to experience mediated quasi interactions with senior judicial office-holders.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In others, the sitter fashions and presents himself according to more recent aesthetics of bourgeois respectability.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“McWilliam (2007, p. 105) describes it as one of the great sensation novels of the day.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McWilliam, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The opening display of the lost heir and the claimant starts the story rolling.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One explanation for this might be Cockburn's pre-existing attention capital.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“He 'relished the limelight' (Lobban, 2004).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lobban, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While contemporaries were critical of this 'warts and all' quality, it was a feature of these portraits that introduced a new set of signs through which the values and virtues of judicial office might be represented: openness, transparency and authenticity.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those that follow what I have described as the tradition of state portraiture follow a long-standing aesthetic convention through which the individual office-holder is depicted through a set of symbols associated with the office as the embodiment of its values and virtues.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But, from its opening pages, its content seems to have little to do with these types of relationships.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The display of portraits visualises a sensational courtroom drama.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It does this by reference to a hierarchy of public visibility linked to public recognition, reputation or significancewhat van Krieken (2012) describes as attention capital.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van Krieken, 2012 source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The curator has organised them according to the requirements of a dark romance of the landed gentry in battle against the corrupting forces of the working-class attempt to seize their lands and title.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Queen Victoria is the 'mother' of the entire community of the time.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three albums draw attention to the important role played by the viewer in making the meaning of the carte portraits of judges.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A contemporary description of carte albums from the nineteenth-century publication Art Journal is that they are a 'family portrait of the entire community' (Plunkett, 2003a, p. 61).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plunkett, 2003a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the subjects of these portraits were in part responsible for their production, studios also played a key role in commissioning these portraits with a view to selling them to the public.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The display shows the disruption of the ranking of visibility that a social drama being played out in and through the legal process and reported in the media might have.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the judges do appear, the logic of their display is far from clear, as their display does not seem to follow the usual rules of institutional value.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Displayed in this location, the portraits show them as the fathers and brothers 'in law' of the whole community.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“'Celebrity' is a term that points to this process of expanding public visibility of individuals.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“James Granger published a book that set out a system of display for album-makers to follow.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As Tucker notes, cartes de visite in general and the London Stereographic and Photographic Company studio in particular played an important role in making the Tichborne legal proceedings a visual spectacle for all to see and its main characters celebrities (Tucker, 2016).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tucker, 2016 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The value of the attention attached to the highest category is closely associated with its longevity and its institutionalisation.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sporting heroes, opera singers and music-hall performers are the more artistic and creative relatives.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the eighteenth century, it became a fashionable pastime for wealthy males to collect reproductions of portraits and to organise their display in albums (Pointon, 1993).”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pointon, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Judicial portraits appear as 'characters' in this story.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 32
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If carte portraits allowed judges to further grow their visibility, ostensibly based on the importance of their role in society, it is a form of picture that also increased the competition in the market-place of visibility.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this context, 'ordinary' has strong class overtonesbeing associated with bourgeois respectability.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three albums provide an opportunity to examine three different contexts in which carte portraits of judges contributed to making and making the meaning of three nineteenth-century imagined communities of various sizes and scales.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 9 Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Few albums containing carte portraits survive.
“Few albums survive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The carte photograph was introduced into England in 1857.
“The carte photograph was introduced into England in 1857.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The small size of carte portraits was characterised as one of their failings.
“The small size of carte portraits was also characterised as one of their failings.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
“The first part, with sixteen portraits (several of the mounts in this part are empty), runs from pages 1 to 9.This is followed by sixty-six that fill the remaining pages.”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
“its thirty-four pages contain ninety-one carte portraits and two larger cabinet-card portraits; some pages have empty mounts.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
“Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock, who was Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer (1844-66)”
§ A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media > 21
“His retirement from judicial office in 1868 suggests the portrait predates that event, making it one of the earliest portraits in the album.”
Citations
Cites
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Fox, R. (2004) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680409701118 · Cited by 4,030
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-0005 · Cited by 935
Is kinship always already heterosexual?
BUTLER, J. (2002) · differences · doi:10.1215/10407391-13-1-14 · Cited by 715
Kantorowicz, E. H. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400880782 · Cited by 448
van Krieken, R. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203116340 · Cited by 160
Hanging the Head: Portraiture and Social Formation in Eighteenth-Century England.
Laqueur, T. W., & Pointon, M. (1995) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/100.4.1249 · Cited by 159
Dissonance and Distrust: Women in the Legal Profession
Thornton, M. (1996) · Cited by 144
Queen Victoria: First Media Monarch
Plunkett, J. (2003) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199253920.001.0001 · Cited by 133
Hanging the head: portraiture and social formation in eighteenth-century England
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5402 · Cited by 131
The Image of Truth: Photographic Evidence and the Power of Analogy
Mnookin, J. L. (1998) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 83
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Hargreaves, 2001, The Beautiful and the Damned: The Creation of Identity in the 19th Century, 17
- Beal, 1866, Carte de Visite Portraits of the Royal Family Eminent and Celebrated Persons
- Darrah, 1981, Carte de Visite in Nineteenth Century Photography
- Thompson, 1995, The Media and Modernity
- Moran, 2012, Legal Staging: Visualisation – Mediatisation – Ritualisation: Legal Communication through Language, Literature, Media, Art and Architecture, 205
- Nead, 2002, Visual cultures of the courtroom: reflections on history, law and the image, Visual Culture in Britain, 3, 119
- Holborn G (2013) The Chitty-Pollock legal dynasty. Lincolns Inn Annual Review, 44–46.
- Granger, 1769, A Biographical History of England from Egbert the Great the Revolution: Consisting of Characters Disposed in Different Classes and Adapted to a Methodical Catalogue of Engraved British Head Intended as an Essay towards Reducing Biography to System, and a Help to the Knowledge of Portraits, with a Preface Showing the Utility of a Collection of Engraved Portraits to Supply the Defect and Answer the Various Purposes of Medals
- Rubin, 2008, Seddon, Dell and rock and roll: investigating alleged breaches on the ban on publishing photographs taken within courts or their precincts, 1925–1967, Criminal Law Review, 11, 874
- Keller, 1991, Communications in History: Technology, Culture and Society, 144
- Stulik, 2013, Albumen: The Atlas of Analytical Signatures of Photographic Processes
- Lumsden, 1999, The true and remarkable history of Andrew Bogle, Jamaican Historical Society Bulletin, 11
- Annear, 2002, The Man Who Lost Himself: The Unbelievable Story of the Tichborne Claimant
- Jenkins, 1947, The State Portrait: Its Origins and Evolution
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Metadata
- Authors
- Moran, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Moran, Leslie J.
- ORCID
- Moran, Leslie J.
- Venue
- International Journal of Law in Context
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-11-23
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 539-558
- ISSN
- 1744-5523 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-5531
- OpenAlex
- W2900926011
- Semantic Scholar
- 767dde187267d1bd5467ad7fc995ab7cf81f27c1
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Law in Context (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/L007290/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Photographic and Visual Arts
- Social Sciences › Law › Law in Society and Culture
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Photography and Visual Culture
- Keywords
- carte de visite, English judiciary, mass media, 1860s, senior judges, Lincoln's Inn
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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