Nanoparticle Interactions with the Tumor Microenvironment
Open accessAbstract
Compared to normal tissues, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has a number of aberrant characteristics including hypoxia, acidosis, and vascular abnormalities. Many researchers have sought to exploit these anomalous features of the TME to develop anticancer therapies, and several nanoparticle-based cancer therapeutics have resulted. In this Review, we discuss the composition and pathophysiology of the TME, introduce nanoparticles (NPs) used in cancer therapy, and address the interaction between the TME and NPs. Finally, we outline both the potential problems that affect TME-based nanotherapy and potential strategies to overcome these challenges.
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pH-, enzyme-, ROS-, or NIR-responsive PDA delivery systems may behave differently under real periodontal or tumor microenvironments, where pH, enzyme activity, oxygen levels, and light penetration are highly heterogeneous.
“Similarly, pH-, enzyme-, ROS-, or NIR-responsive PDA delivery systems may behave differently under real periodontal or tumor microenvironments, where pH, enzyme activity, oxygen levels, and light penetration are highly heterogeneous.83,84”
From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [84]
The pH Modulation of the TME section (page unavailable) describes pH-sensitive nanoparticle drug release, and the Tumor Hypoxia Modulation section (page unavailable) reports varying oxygen tensions within tumors. These passages support the general concern that tumor conditions can affect responsive systems, but they do not establish the claim specifically for PDA delivery systems or periodontal environments, nor do they establish heterogeneity in enzyme activity or light penetration. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Yang, Z., Song, W., Lv, L., Zhai, S., Liu, Y., Cui, H., Li, X., Gao, F., & Chu, S. (2026) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s611922
“83,84 For oral tumor therapy, PDA-mediated photothermal or chemo-photothermal strategies remain mostly at the proof-of-concept stage.”
- Authors
- Huai, Y., Hossen, M. N., Wilhelm, S., Bhattacharya, R., & Mukherjee, P.
- Affiliations
- OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mukherjee, Priyabrata
- Venue
- Bioconjugate Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2019-08-13
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2247-2263
- ISSN
- 1043-1802 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-4812
- PMC
- PMC6892461
- OpenAlex
- W2968892674
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Bioconjugate Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (2CA136494, 1R01 CA220237-01A1, CA213278)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Keywords
- tumor microenvironment, nanoparticles, cancer nanotherapy, hypoxia, acidosis, tumor vasculature, nanoparticle interactions, tumor pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Nanoparticles, Immunomodulation, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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