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Designing the Platinum Catalyst Layer for Improved Performance and Durability in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

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Kreider, Melissa E., Maldonado Santos, Ambar R., Clauser, Arielle L., Berlinger, Sarah A., Ha, Mai-Anh, Volk, Emily K., Rasmussen, Zachary, Bassinger, Megan +5 more·2026·ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
DOI 10.1021/acsami.5c20325PMC PMC12903109
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Abstract

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide To lower the cost of hydrogen produced by anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE), it is critical to reduce the use of platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts within the device. While iridium has been successfully replaced with PGM-free catalysts at the anode, platinum-based (Pt) cathode catalysts are still required to meet the activity and durability targets. This study investigates the impact of commercial Pt/C catalyst loading, ionomer type and content, and electrode fabrication method on the cathode catalyst layer properties and AEMWE performance with the aim of determining the feasibility of reduced Pt loadings. While increased Pt loading is found to improve beginning-of-life performance, the effects are minimal above 0.6 mg/cm 2 . Ink characterization shows that ionomer type and content affect the ink stability, particle size, and percent of unbound ionomer, which further impact the homogeneity of the sprayed catalyst layers. The 5% PiperION cathode exhibited the highest performance, which may be attributed to a balance between the small particle size and the low proportion of unbound ionomer, minimizing kinetic and transport losses. Theoretical calculations show that the ionomers interact differently with the Pt surface, causing different surface charges and water adsorption strength and activating different mechanisms for hydrogen evolution. Pt-PiperION lowered the enthalpy of water-splitting by 0.1 eV compared to Pt alone and allowed for equal site access between adsorbed H* and OH* (both adsorbed at circa −2.2 eV). Although catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) fabrication techniques are desirable for scale-up, no performance enhancement is observed compared with the catalyst-coated substrate approach. Durability, as measured by degradation rates, Pt loss, and catalyst layer restructuring, was found to improve with increased Pt loadings, higher ionomer content, and CCM architectures. These findings provide important insight into the significant role of the cathode in AEMWE and strategies for maintaining the performance with low Pt loading or PGM-free catalysts.

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  • The performance of LaCoMnO3 significantly surpasses recently reported high-performance PGM-free systems, such as porous NiFeP (1.0 A cm−2 at 1.70 V) and optimized PGM-based configurations using Pt/C cathodes (2.37 A cm−2 at 2.0 V).

    “This performance significantly surpasses recently reported high-performance PGM-free systems, such as porous NiFeP (1.0 A cm− 2 at 1.70 V) [54] and even optimized PGM-based configurations using Pt/C cathodes (2.37 A cm− 2 at 2.0 V) [55].”

    From La-Co-Mn oxide aerogels as high-performance electrocatalysts for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (2026) · cites this paper as [55]

    The Results and Discussion (Mass Loading; page unavailable) describe AEMWE configurations using Pt/C cathodes, supporting the identification of the cited comparator. They report 2.58 ± 0.13 A/cm² at 2 V for a 0.6 mg/cm² Pt loading, but do not state the cited value of 2.37 A/cm² at 2.0 V. The source also does not make the comparison with LaCoMnO3; the citation is attached to the Pt/C comparator, not that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kreider, M. E., Maldonado Santos, A. R., Clauser, A. L., Berlinger, S. A., Ha, M.-A., Volk, E. K., Rasmussen, Z., Bassinger, M., Cruz, L. C., Baez-Cotto, C. M., Sugar, J. D., Cunci, L., & Alia, S. M.
Affiliations
  • National Laboratory of the Rockies (US)
  • Chemistry and Nanoscience Center
  • Sandia National Laboratories California (US)
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
  • Colorado School of Mines (US)
  • University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras (PR)
Corresponding author
Alia, Shaun M.
ORCID
Venue
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2026-01-28
Volume
18
Issue
5
Pages
8081-8098
ISSN
  • 1944-8244 (ISSN-L)
  • 1944-8252
DOI
10.1021/acsami.5c20325
PMC
PMC12903109
OpenAlex
W7125933760
Cited by
8
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 8
FWCI
12.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC-0001234)
  • U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC36-08GO28308)
  • Fuel Cell Technologies Office (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Fuel Cells and Related Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Keywords
anion exchange membrane water electrolysis, platinum catalyst layer, ionomer content, hydrogen evolution reaction, catalyst coated membranes, catalyst stability, water adsorption, hydrogen production

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