Surface Functional Groups and Interlayer Water Determine the Electrochemical Capacitance of Ti3C2Tx MXene

Abstract

MXenes, an emerging class of conductive two-dimensional materials, have been regarded as promising candidates in the field of electrochemical energy storage. The electrochemical performance of their representative Ti 3 C 2 T x, where T represents the surface termination group of F, O, or OH, strongly relies on termination-mediated surface functionalization, but an in-depth understanding of the relationship between them remains unresolved. Here, we studied comprehensively the structural feature and electrochemical performance of two kinds of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes obtained by etching the Ti 3 AlC 2 precursor in aqueous HF solution at low concentration (6 mol/L) and high concentration of (15 mol/L). A significantly higher capacitance was recognized in a low-concentration HF-etched MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x –6M) electrode. In situ Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrate that Ti 3 C 2 T x –6M has more components of the −O functional group. In combination with X-ray diffraction analysis, low-field 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in terms of relaxation time unambiguously underlines that Ti 3 C 2 T x –6M is capable of accommodating more high-mobility H 2 O molecules between the Ti 3 C 2 T x interlayers, enabling more hydrogen ions to be more readily accessible to the active sites of Ti 3 C 2 T x –6M. The two main key factors ( i.e., high content of −O functional groups that are involved bonding/debonding-induced pseudocapacitance and more high-mobility water intercalated between the MXene interlayers) simultaneously account for the superior capacitance of the Ti 3 C 2 T x –6M electrode. This study provides a guideline for the rational design and construction of high-capacitance MXene and MXene-based hybrid electrodes in aqueous electrolytes.