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Transparent, Conducting ATO Thin Films by Epoxide-Initiated Sol–Gel Chemistry: A Highly Versatile Route to Mixed-Metal Oxide Films
Abstract
A robust synthesis approach to transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials using epoxide assisted sol-gel chemistry is reported. The new route utilizes simple tin and antimony chloride precursors in aqueous solution, thus eliminating the need for organometallic precursors. Propylene oxide acts as a proton scavenger and drives metal hydroxide formation and subsequent polycondensation reactions. Thin films of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) were prepared by dip-coating of mixed metal oxide sols. After annealing at 600 °C in air, structural, electrical and optical properties of undoped and Sb-doped tin oxide films were characterized. Single layer films with 5 mol % Sb doping exhibited an optical transparency which was virtually identical to that of the plain glass substrate and an electrical resistivity of 2.8 × 10(-2) Ω cm. SEM and AFM analysis confirmed the presence of surface defects and cracks which increased with increasing Sb dopant concentration. Multiple depositions of identical ATO films showed a roughly 1 order of magnitude decrease in the film resistivity after the third layer, with typical values below 5 × 10(-3) Ω cm. This suggests that a second and third deposition fill up residual cracks and defects in the first layer and thus brings out the full performance of the ATO material. The epoxide-assisted sol chemistry is a promising technique for the preparation of mixed oxide thin film materials. Its superiority over conventional alkoxide and metal salt-based methods…
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“The ring-strained epoxide in propylene oxide attacks the protons as a proton scavenger, accelerating the hydrolysis and condensation reactions.”
From Highly Dispersed Pt Clusters on F-Doped Tin(IV) Oxide Aerogel Matrix: An Ultra-Robust Hybrid Catalyst for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Koebel, M. M., Nadargi, D. Y., Jimenez-Cadena, G., & Romanyuk, Y. E.
- Affiliations
- Empa (CH)
- Laboratory for Building Science and Technology and ‡Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
- Koebel, Matthias M.
- Venue
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-04-18
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2464-2473
- ISSN
- 1944-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8252
- OpenAlex
- W2315592357
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DORA Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › ZnO doping and properties
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Thin-Film Transistor Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Electronic and Structural Properties of Oxides
- Keywords
- transparent conducting oxides, antimony-doped tin oxide, propylene oxide, tin chloride precursor, dip coating, film resistivity, optical transparency, surface defects, crack filling, multilayer deposition, reaction mechanism
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