Kinetics and Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Degradation of (CH3)nNH4-n+ (0 ≤ n ≤ 4) in TiO2 Suspension: The Role of OH Radicals

Abstract

The photocatalytic degradation of a series of (CH3)nNH(4-n)+ (0 < or = n < or = 4) was systematically studied in the UV-illuminated TiO2 aqueous suspensions at pH ranges of 3-11. By investigating the pH-dependent kinetics and analyzing intermediates and products, we elucidated the mechanistic pathways and the role of OH radicals in the photocatalytic oxidation. The deprotonated neutral species more rapidly degraded than their protonated counterparts for these homologous compounds because the OH radicals favorably reacted with the lone-pair electron on the nitrogen atom. Therefore, the photocatalytic degradation was highly enhanced at alkaline solutions for all substances except (CH3)4N+. The H-atom abstraction (from (CH3)4N+) by OH radicals initiated successive demethylation processes to generate tri-, di-, and monomethylammonium/amine as an intermediate and NH3/NH4+ as a final product. On the other hand, the OH-addition to the N-atom with the lone-pair electron led to NO2-/NO3- whose production was highly favored at alkaline conditions. The photocatalytic degradation rates of (CH3)4N+ were comparable at both acidic and alkaline conditions, which could not be explained by a simple electrostatic surface charge model. By using OH-scavenging tert-butyl alcohol as a diagnostic probe into the mechanism, it is suggested that the photocatalytic oxidation of (CH3)4N+ at acidic conditions proceeds through free OH radicals in the solution bulk, not on the surface of TiO2.