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Distribution and Fate of HBCD and TBBPA Brominated Flame Retardants in North Sea Estuaries and Aquatic Food Webs
Open accessAbstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (alpha-, beta/-, and gamma-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (sigma) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 microg/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (sigmaHBCD)/ kg (d.w.). gamma-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. alpha-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. sigmaHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to sigmaHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level.
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Citations
Cited by
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Occurrence of Organic Microcontaminants in the Wastewater Treatment Process. A Mini Review
Ratola, N., Cincinelli, A., Alves, A., & Katsoyiannis, A. (2012) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.040 · Cited by 321
Huang, W., Yin, H., Yang, Y., Jin, L., Lu, G., & Dang, Z. (2021) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146264 · Cited by 125
Emerging Contaminants of Environmental Concern: Source, Transport, Fate, and Treatment
Yan, S., Subramanian, S. B., Tyagi, R. D., Surampalli, R. Y., & Zhang, T. C. (2010) · Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)hz.1944-8376.0000015 · Cited by 71
Partition Behavior of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers
Goss, K.-U., Arp, H. P. H., Bronner, G., & Niederer, C. (2008) · Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data · doi:10.1021/je700595y · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, S., Allchin, C. R., Zegers, B. N., Haftka, J. J. H., Boon, J. P., Belpaire, C., Leonards, P. E. G., van Leeuwen, S. P. J., & de Boer, J.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2004-09-30
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 5497-5504
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2079253009
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 19.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Distribution and Fate of HBCD and TBBPA Brominated Flame Retardants in North Sea Estuaries and Aquatic Food Webs. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1021/es049640i
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- Morris, S., Allchin, C. R., Zegers, B. N., Haftka, J. J. H., Boon, J. P., Belpaire, C., Leonards, P. E. G., van Leeuwen, S. P. J., & de Boer, J. (2004). Distribution and Fate of HBCD and TBBPA Brominated Flame Retardants in North Sea Estuaries and Aquatic Food Webs. Environmental Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es049640i
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