The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of a Complex Mixture of Therapeutic Drugs at Environmental Levels on Human Embryonic Cells
Abstract
The potential risk associated with the presence of low levels of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments is currently under debate. In this study we investigated the effects of 13 drugs merged to mimic both the association and low concentration (ng/L) profiles detected in the environment. The mixture comprised atenolol, bezafibrate, carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, ciprofloxacin, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, ibuprofen, lincomycin, ofloxacin, ranitidine, salbutamol, and sulfamethoxazole. At environmental exposure levels, the drug mix inhibited the growth of human embryonic cells HEK293, with the highest effect observed as a 30% decrease in cell proliferation compared to controls. Pharmaceuticals activated stress-response signaling protein kinases (ERK1/2), and induced overexpression of glutathione-S-transferase P1 gene. No evidence was found for apoptosis or necrosis in HEK293 cells, although morphological changes were observed. The drug mixture effectively stimulated the expression of cell-cycle progression-mediating genes p16 and p21, with a slight accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell-cycle. Our results suggest that a mixture of drugs at ng/L levels can inhibit cells proliferation by affecting their physiology and morphology. This also suggests that water-borne pharmaceuticals can be potential effectors on aquatic life.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bradford, M. M. (1976) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 · Cited by 255,302
A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo.
Dimri, G. P., Lee, X., Basile, G., Acosta, M., Scott, G., Roskelley, C., Medrano, E. E., Linskens, M., Rubelj, I., & Pereira-Smith, O. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.20.9363 · Cited by 7,477
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change?
Daughton, C. G., & Ternes, T. A. (1999) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.99107s6907 · Cited by 4,705
TSC2 Mediates Cellular Energy Response to Control Cell Growth and Survival
Inoki, K., Zhu, T., & Guan, K.-L. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00929-2 · Cited by 3,914
Heberer, T. (2002) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00041-3 · Cited by 2,995
Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors and Male Fertility
Anway, M. D., Cupp, A. S., Uzumcu, M., & Skinner, M. K. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1108190 · Cited by 2,563
The signals and pathways activating cellular senescence
Ben-Porath, I., & Weinberg, R. A. (2005) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.10.013 · Cited by 1,046
Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects
Cleuvers, M. (2003) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00068-7 · Cited by 990
Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Treatment Plants in Italy
Castiglioni, S., Bagnati, R., Fanelli, R., Pomati, F., Calamari, D., & Zuccato, E. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es050991m · Cited by 841
Self-citationPresence of therapeutic drugs in the environment
Zuccato, E., Calamari, D., Natangelo, M., & Fanelli, R. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02270-4 · Cited by 702
Self-citation
Cited by
Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater
Stuart, M., Lapworth, D., Crane, E., & Hart, A. (2012) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.072 · Cited by 801
Barnes, K. K., Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Zaugg, S. D., Meyer, M. T., & Barber, L. B. (2008) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.028 · Cited by 741
Ji, Y., Fan, Y., Liu, K., Kong, D., & Lu, J. (2015) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.005 · Cited by 439
Rykowska, I., Ziemblińska, J., & Nowak, I. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.043 · Cited by 353
Loos, R., Wollgast, J., Huber, T., & Hanke, G. (2007) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-006-1036-7 · Cited by 308
Metadata
- Authors
- Pomati, F., Castiglioni, S., Zuccato, E., Fanelli, R., Vigetti, D., Rossetti, C., & Calamari, D.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2006-03-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2442-2447
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2012278887
- Cited by
- 517
- References
- 22
- FWCI
- 20.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effects of a Complex Mixture of Therapeutic Drugs at Environmental Levels on Human Embryonic Cells. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1021/es051715a
- The paper
- Pomati, F., Castiglioni, S., Zuccato, E., Fanelli, R., Vigetti, D., Rossetti, C., & Calamari, D. (2006). Effects of a Complex Mixture of Therapeutic Drugs at Environmental Levels on Human Embryonic Cells. Environmental Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051715a
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
