Inhibiting HIV Fusion with a β-Peptide Foldamer

Abstract

Linear peptides derived from the HIV gp41 C-terminus (C-peptides), such as the 36-residue Fuzeon, are potent HIV fusion inhibitors. These molecules bind to the N-peptide region of gp41 and inhibit an intramolecular protein-protein interaction that powers fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. The N-peptide region contains a surface pocket that is occupied in the post-fusion state by three alpha-helical residues found near the gp41 C-terminus: Trp628, Trp631, and Ile635-the WWI epitope. Here, we describe a set of beta3-decapeptides (betaWWI-1-4) in which the WWI epitope is presented on one face of a short 14-helix stabilized by macrodipole neutralization and side chain-side chain salt bridges. betaWWI-1-4 bind in vitro to IZN17, a validated gp41 model, and inhibit syncytia formation in cell culture. Molecules lacking a complete WWI functional epitope neither bind IZN17 nor inhibit syncytia formation. These results provide evidence that short beta-peptide 14-helices can inhibit an intramolecular protein-protein interaction in vivo. Molecules related to betaWWI-1-4 could represent starting points for the development of highly potent inhibitors or antigens effective against HIV or other viruses, including SARS, Ebola, HRSV, and influenza, that employ common fusion mechanisms.