Kinetic Analysis of Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol by Metallic Nanoparticles Immobilized in Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes

Abstract

We present a study on the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol by sodium borohydride in the presence of metal nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are embedded in spherical polyelectrolyte brushes, which consist of a polystyrene core onto which a dense layer of cationic polyelectrolyte brushes are grafted. The average size of the nanoparticles is approximately 2 nm. The kinetic data obtained by monitoring the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by UV/vis-spectroscopy could be explained in terms of the Langmuir−Hinshelwood model: The borohydride ions transfer a surface-hydrogen species in a reversible manner to the surface. Concomitantly 4-nitrophenol is adsorbed and the rate-determining step consists of the reduction of nitrophenol by the surface-hydrogen species. The apparent reaction rate can therefore be related to the total surface S of the nanoparticles, to the kinetic constant k related to the rate-determining step, and to the adsorption constants K Nip and K BH 4 of nitrophenol and of borohydride, respectively. In all cases, an induction time t 0 was observed of the order of minutes. The reciprocal induction time can be treated as a reaction rate that is directly related to the kinetics of the surface reaction because there is a linear relation between 1/( kt 0 ) and the concentration of nitrophenol in the solution. All data obtained for t 0 so far and a comparison with data from literature indicate that the induction time is related to a slow surface reconstruction of the nanoparticles, the rate of which is directly related to the surface reaction.