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Hydrogen-Treated TiO2 Nanowire Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of hydrogen treatment as a simple and effective strategy to fundamentally improve the performance of TiO(2) nanowires for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Hydrogen-treated rutile TiO(2) (H:TiO(2)) nanowires were prepared by annealing the pristine TiO(2) nanowires in hydrogen atmosphere at various temperatures in a range of 200-550 °C. In comparison to pristine TiO(2) nanowires, H:TiO(2) samples show substantially enhanced photocurrent in the entire potential window. More importantly, H:TiO(2) samples have exceptionally low photocurrent saturation potentials of -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl (0.4 V vs RHE), indicating very efficient charge separation and transportation. The optimized H:TiO(2) nanowire sample yields a photocurrent density of ∼1.97 mA/cm(2) at -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl, in 1 M NaOH solution under the illumination of simulated solar light (100 mW/cm(2) from 150 W xenon lamp coupled with an AM 1.5G filter). This photocurrent density corresponds to a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of ∼1.63%. After eliminating the discrepancy between the irradiance of the xenon lamp and solar light, by integrating the incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum of the H:TiO(2) nanowire sample with a standard AM 1.5G solar spectrum, the STH efficiency is calculated to be ∼1.1%, which is the best value for a TiO(2) photoanode. IPCE analyses confirm the photocurrent enhancement is mainly due to the improved photoactivity of TiO(2) in the UV region. Hydrogen treatment increases the donor density of TiO(2) nanowires by 3 orders of magnitudes, via creating a high density of oxygen vacancies that serve as electron donors. Similar enhancements in photocurrent were also observed in anatase H:TiO(2) nanotubes. The capability of making highly photoactive H:TiO(2) nanowires and nanotubes opens up new opportunities in various areas, including PEC water splitting, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis.
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Citations
Cites
Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode
FUJISHIMA, A., & HONDA, K. (1972) · Nature · doi:10.1038/238037a0 · Cited by 34,169
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Self-citationWang, Z., Yang, C., Lin, T., Yin, H., Chen, P., Wan, D., Xu, F., Huang, F., Lin, J., Xie, X., et al. (2013) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201300486 · Cited by 719
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, G., Wang, H., Ling, Y., Tang, Y., Yang, X., Fitzmorris, R. C., Wang, C., Zhang, J. Z., & Li, Y.
- Venue
- Nano Letters
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-06-28
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3026-3033
- ISSN
- 1530-6984 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6992
- OpenAlex
- W1980968412
- Cited by
- 2,566
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 56.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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