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A New Model for the Morphology of P3HT/PCBM Organic Photovoltaics from Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Rivers and Streams
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have attracted increasing interest as a lightweight, low-cost, and easy to process replacement for inorganic solar cells. Moreover, the morphology of the OPV active layer is crucial to its performance, where a bicontinuous, interconnected, phase-separated morphology of pure electron donor and acceptor phases is currently believed to be optimal. In this work, we use neutron scattering to investigate the morphology of a model OPV conjugated polymer bulk heterojunction, poly[3-hexylthiophene] (P3HT), and surface-functionalized fullerene 1-(3-methyloxycarbonyl) propyl(1-phenyl [6,6]) C(61) (PCBM). These results show that P3HT and PCBM form a homogeneous structure containing crystalline P3HT and an amorphous P3HT/PCBM matrix, up to ca. 20 vol % PCBM. At 50 vol % PCBM, the samples exhibit a complex structure containing at least P3HT crystals, PCBM crystals, and a homogeneous mixture of the two. The 20 vol % PCBM samples exhibit behavior consistent with the onset of phase separation after 6 h of thermal annealing at 150 °C, but appear to be miscible at shorter annealing times. This suggests that the miscibility limit of PCBM in P3HT is near 20%. Moreover, for the 50 vol % PCBM sample, the interface roughens under thermal annealing possibly owing to the growth of PCBM crystals. These observations suggest a different morphology than is commonly presented in the literature for optimal bulk heterojunctions. We propose a novel "rivers and streams" morphology to describe this system, which is consistent with these scattering results and previously reported photovoltaic functionality of P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunctions.
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Cited by
Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Morphology and Performance Relationships
Huang, Y., Kramer, E. J., Heeger, A. J., & Bazan, G. C. (2014) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr400353v · Cited by 1,249
Collins, B. A., Li, Z., Tumbleston, J. R., Gann, E., McNeill, C. R., & Ade, H. (2013) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201200377 · Cited by 649
Solvent Additives: Key Morphology‐Directing Agents for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells
McDowell, C., Abdelsamie, M., Toney, M. F., & Bazan, G. C. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201707114 · Cited by 513
On the morphology of polymer‐based photovoltaics
Liu, F., Gu, Y., Jung, J. W., Jo, W. H., & Russell, T. P. (2012) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/polb.23063 · Cited by 323
Probing Organic Thin Films by Coherent X-ray Imaging and X-ray Scattering
Patil, N., Narayanan, T., Michels, L., Skjønsfjell, E. T. B., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Van den Brande, N., Claessens, R., Van Mele, B., & Breiby, D. W. (2019) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.9b00324 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Yin, W., & Dadmun, M.
- Venue
- ACS Nano
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-05-23
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 4756-4768
- ISSN
- 1936-0851 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-086X
- OpenAlex
- W2001979531
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 34
- FWCI
- 30.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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