CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 241Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaTraumatic Brain Injury Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; the references it cites are not checked yet.

What parts of PTSD are normal: Intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake

McMillen, J. Curtis, North, Carol S., Smith, Elizabeth M.·2000·Journal of Traumatic Stress
DOI 10.1023/a:1007768830246
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The incidence and comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are addressed in a study of 130 Northridge, California, earthquake survivors interviewed 3 months postdisaster. Only 13% of the sample met full PTSD criteria, but 48% met both the reexperiencing and the arousal symptom criteria, without meeting the avoidance and numbing symptom criterion. Psychiatric comorbidity was associated mostly with avoidance and numbing symptoms. For moderately severe traumatic events, reexperiencing and arousal symptoms may be the most “normal,” and survivors with a history of psychiatric problems may be those most likely to develop full PTSD. A system that considers people who meet all three symptom criteria to have a psychiatric disorder yet recognizes the distress of other symptomatic survivors may best serve traumatized populations.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/a:1007768830246

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Citations

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 47 · Cited by 241

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Conyer R. C. T., 1987, Prevalence of post‐traumatic stress syndrome in survivors of a natural disaster, Salud Publico de Mexico, 29, 405
  2. 10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.346 · DOI
  3. Green B. L., 1993, Post‐traumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond, 75
  4. Keane T. M., 1993, Post‐traumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond
  5. 10.1002/jts.2490010307 · DOI
  6. 10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.409 · DOI
  7. North C. S., 1995, Human response to violent trauma, Bailliere's Clinical Psychiatry, 1, 225
  8. Rohins L. N., 1981, NIMH Diagnostic Intemew Schedule, Version III
  9. Robins L. N., 1983, The Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement
  10. Rothbaum B. O., 1993, Post‐traumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond, 23
  11. Smith E. M., 1986, Disaster stress studies: Vew methods and findings, 50
  12. Smith E. M. North C. S. &Spitznagel E. L.(1993). Posttraumatic stress in survivors of three disasters. In R. D. Allen (Ed.).Handbook of post disaster intervention. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality 8(special edition) 353–368.
  13. Young A., 1995, The harmony of illusions: Inventing posttraumatic stress disorder

Metadata

Authors
McMillen, J. C., North, C. S., & Smith, E. M.
Affiliations
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Traumatic Stress
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2000-01
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
57-75
ISSN
  • 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-6598
DOI
10.1023/a:1007768830246
OpenAlex
W2093838809
Semantic Scholar
1017ebbfa8e603df91cd9fa02ccf923dcde1dfc2
Cited by
241
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
FWCI
11.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2007 d)
Locations
  • Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH40025, R01MH040025)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, Northridge earthquake, earthquake survivors, re-experiencing symptoms, arousal symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, disaster survivors, PTSD incidence
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Arousal, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Disasters, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Comorbidity, Survivors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review