The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-Criticism and Dependency in Depressed Patients Treated with Cognitive Therapy or Pharmacotherapy
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“However, CBT may not benefit all people, especially those who are highly self-critical, where relapses in mental health problems are common (Rector et al., 2000).”
From An online acceptance, commitment, and self-compassion based treatment to decrease psychological distress in people with type 2 diabetes: A feasibility randomised-controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as Rector et al., 2000
Citations
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Items 101–154 of 154
Levin, M. E., Krafft, J., An, W., Ong, C. W., & Twohig, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.02.002 · Cited by 9
“criticism may also be ideal for research comparing cognitive defusion and restructuring given it has been found to be effectively targeted by both cognitive therapy (Rector et al., 2000) and ACT (Luoma & Platt, 2015).”
BackgroundAn integration of third wave cognitive behavioural interventions following stroke: a case study
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Shame, Psychiatric Disorders and Health Promoting Life Style after Bariatric Surgery
Lier, H. Ø., Biringer, E., & Bjørkvik, J. (2011) · Journal of Obesity & Weight loss Therapy · doi:10.4172/2165-7904.1000113 · Cited by 6
“Shame and in particular self-criticism, for instance in depressive disorders, is found to be related to problem maintenance and an inadequate treatment response [19,20].”
BackgroundDawood, R., Vosper, J., Irons, C., Gibson, S., & Brown, G. P. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12465 · Cited by 5
“…require more long-standing treatment than other CFT-related variables, as more entrenched and interper-sonally reinforced difficulties (Gilbert, 2010); individuals high in shame and self-criticism have been found to do less well in standard treatments (Black et al., 2013; Rector et al., 2000).”
BackgroundOf Compassion and Men: Using Compassion Focused Therapy in Working with Men
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Nishikawa, Y., Laposa, J. M., Regev, R., & Rector, N. A. (2017) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246581700008x · Cited by 5
“The findings further lend credence to the importance of targeting deeper structural vulnerabilities to psychopathology in addition to manifest symptoms and appraisals as echoed by experts in cognitive therapy (Beck et al., 1979; Padesky, 1994; Rector et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAsano, K., Koike, H., Shinohara, Y., Kamimori, H., Nakagawa, A., Iyo, M., & Shimizu, E. (2017) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3003-0 · Cited by 5
“However, patients with personality difficulties or high self-criticism have a poor response to cognitive therapy [5, 6].”
BackgroundKleiman, K., Marks, D. R., Block-Lerner, J., Tirch, D., Brady, V., Foote, B., & Silberstein-Tirch, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1509396 · Cited by 4
Buhrman, M., Tillfors, M., Holländare, F., Lekström, E., Håkansson, A., & Boersma, K. (2023) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001157 · Cited by 5
“66,67 Self-criticism is associated with depressive symptoms in patients with chronic pain 68,69 and changes in self-criticism have been shown to predict treatment outcomes, that is, to reduce symptoms associated with anxiety and depression.”
BackgroundLoades, M. E., Perry, G., & Marshall, N. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/72077 · Cited by 4
“Learning to be more self-compassionate might support adolescents to achieve more positive outcomes as compared to completing cognitive and behavioral therapeutic tasks alone [29].”
Kopala‐Sibley, D. C. (2022) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97208-0_11 · Cited by 4
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“Self-criticism also contributes to poor therapeutic alliance and poorer psychotherapy outcomes (Löw et al., 2020; Marshall et al., 2008; Rector et al., 2000; Whelton et al., 2007).”
Jomha, A., Sohn, M. N., Watson, M., Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., & McGirr, A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.006 · Cited by 6
Does interpersonal dependency affect therapeutic outcome? A meta‐analytic review
Kane, F. A., & Bornstein, R. F. (2019) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1463 · Cited by 4
Integrating Compassion into EMDR for PTSD
Whalley, M. G., & Lee, D. (2023) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2304058 · Cited by 7
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“Feelings of inadequacy may have left them particularly vulnerable in a context with predetermined time limits for therapy, as clinicians and researcher consider self-criticism as a problem area that often needs time to change (McCullough, 2003; Rector et al., 2000; Scharffee & Tsignouis, 2003; Zuroff et al., 1994).”
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Self-Criticism: Conceptualization, Assessment and Interventions
Pekin, Z., & Güme, S. (2024) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1455185 · Cited by 6
“Rector et al. (2000) examined how self-criticism and dependency influence the effectiveness of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in treating major depression.”
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Taming the Brain Weasels: Reducing Self-Criticism Through Externalization and Compassion
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“Rector et al. (2000) suggested greater focus on schematic change in cognitive-based therapies to improve treatment responses for particularly self-critical individuals.”
Factors Contributing to Sustained Therapeutic Gain in Outpatient Treatments of Depression
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“Rector, Bagby, Segal, Joffe, and Levitt [108], investigating depressed outpatients treated with either cognitive therapy (N1⁄4 51) or pharmacotherapy (N1⁄4 58), found that DEQ self-criticism did not influence the response to medication but did predict poorer response to cognitive therapy.”
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“High self-criticism can predict treatment responses in CBT [3].”
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“…that address self-criticism, studies have shown that the presence of self-criticism reduces the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments and is associated with poor treatment outcomes (Löw et al., 2020; Marshall et al., 2008; Rector et al., 2000), suggesting a need for innovative interventions.”
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“In addition, successful treatment response has been found to be associated with a significant reduction in self-criticism (Rector et al. 2000).”
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“Notably, a methodologically rigorous investigation by Rector et al. [21] demonstrated that neither baseline self-criticism score nor their longitudinal trajectory exhibited predictive validity in determining phar - macotherapeutic outcomes.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Segal, Z. V., Joffe, R. T., & Levitt, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- McMaster University Medical Centre (CA)
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rector, Neil A.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 571-584
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W309627724
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- self-criticism, dependency, unipolar major depression, cognitive therapy, pharmacotherapy, treatment response, moderators of treatment outcome, predictors of treatment response
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