The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The exploitation of children, through their labor, is ethically unambiguous: it is wrong (Hindman & Smith, 1999).”
From The Child Labor in Social Media: Kidfluencers, Ethics of Care, and Exploitation (2025) · cites this paper as Hindman & Smith, 1999
In the citing paper
“To this end, the absolutist view of all child labor (Hindman & Smith, 1999) as de facto exploitative hinders practical consideration.”
From The Child Labor in Social Media: Kidfluencers, Ethics of Care, and Exploitation (2025) · cites this paper as Hindman & Smith, 1999
Citations
Cites
Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution
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The ethics of international business
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Ure, A. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203041338 · Cited by 267
Child labor and the Industrial Revolution
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-3394 · Cited by 134
Factory Regulaton: A Reinterpretation of Early English Experience
Marvel, H. P. (1977) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/466906 · Cited by 122
Krueger, T. A., & Trattner, W. I. (1971) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1849382 · Cited by 86
The Family Economy, Child Labor, and Schooling: Evidence from the Early Twentieth-Century South
Walters, P. B., & Briggs, C. M. (1993) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095964 · Cited by 41
In the twilight zone: child workers in the hotel, tourism and catering industry.
Black, M. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 29
Research works printed but not linked: 9
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- Hamilton, Alexander: 1791, ‘Report on Manufactures’ in Samuel McKee (ed.), Papers on Public Credit, Commerce and Finance (The Liberal Arts Press, NY), 1957, pp. 175–276.
- Kerr, Clark, John T. Dunlop, Frederick H. Harbison and Charles A. Myers: 1960, Industrialism and Industrial Man (Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA).
- Kindleberger, C. P. and B. Herrick: 1977, Economic Development, 3rd Edition (McGraw-Hill, New York).
- Parnes, Herbert S.: 1984, People Power: Elements of Human Resource Policy (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills CA).
- Smith, Adam: 1776, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993).
- UNICEF: 1997, State of the World's Children: 1997 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).
- U.S. Department of Labor: 1995, By the Sweat & Toil of Children (Vol. II): The Use of Child Labor in U.S. Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labor (Washington, Bureau of International Labor Affairs).
- U.S. Department of Labor: 1996, The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct: A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem? (Washington, Bureau of International Labor Affairs).
Cited by
CSR and the Debate on Business and Human Rights: Bridging the Great Divide
Wettstein, F. (2012) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq201222446 · Cited by 289
Supplier development for sustainability: contextual barriers in global supply chains
Busse, C., Schleper, M. C., Niu, M., & Wagner, S. M. (2016) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-12-2015-0300 · Cited by 258
Loureiro, S. M. C., Sardinha, I. D., & Reijnders, L. (2012) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.07.003 · Cited by 181
Child Labor and Multinational Conduct: A Comparison of International Business andStakeholder Codes
Kolk, A., & van Tulder, R. J. M. (2002) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/a:1014009313508 · Cited by 135
Schrempf‐Stirling, J., & Palazzo, G. (2013) · Business & Society · doi:10.1177/0007650313500233 · Cited by 93
The Struggle Against Sweatshops: Moving Toward Responsible Global Business
Radin, T. J., & Calkins, M. (2006) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-005-5597-8 · Cited by 75
Mikkilä, M. H. (2006) · Dissertationes Forestales · doi:10.14214/df.25 · Cited by 31
Globalization of criminal justice in the corporate context
Gilbert, M. J., & Russell, S. (2002) · Crime Law and Social Change · doi:10.1023/a:1020633929991 · Cited by 28
The Child Labor in Social Media: Kidfluencers, Ethics of Care, and Exploitation
Clark, D. R., & Jno-Charles, A. B. (2025) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-025-05953-7 · Cited by 25
“To this end, the absolutist view of all child labor (Hindman & Smith, 1999) as de facto exploita-tive hinders practical consideration.”
InfluentialIslamic worldview, social consciousness, and socially responsible investment
Shahid, A. U., Patel, C., & Pan, P. (2025) · Advances in Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.adiac.2025.100815 · Cited by 10
Perspectives on a personal critique of international business
Cairns, G. M. (2005) · Critical Perspectives on International Business · doi:10.1108/17422040510577898 · Cited by 10
Towards Enforceable Bans on Illicit Businesses: From Moral Relativism to Human Rights
Byrne, E. F. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1619-0 · Cited by 10
An Empirical Examination of a Multinational Ethical Dilemma: The Issue of Child Labor
Gupta, S., Pirsch, J., & Girard, T. (2010) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1080/08911762.2010.504519 · Cited by 6
Akyol, A. K., & Salı, G. (2013) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2013.4.1861 · Cited by 6
Bowden, B. G., & Stevenson‐Clarke, P. (2010) · Journal of Management History · doi:10.1108/17511341011051261 · Cited by 6
Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology
Daniel, K., & Siegfried, P. (2021) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1107140 · Cited by 4
Introduction: The Worst Forms of Child Labour in Latin America
Lieten, G. K. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0177-9_1 · Cited by 3
Dilemmas in Public Policy Against Child Labor
Maya‐Jariego, I. (2021) · Human well-being research and policy making · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70810-8_7 · Cited by 3
Child labour risk organizing communication: a longitudinal analysis of corporate narratives
Chelli, M. H., Himick, D., Mahameed, M. A., & Belal, A. R. (2025) · Meditari Accountancy Research · doi:10.1108/medar-10-2024-2679 · Cited by 2
Australian managers' experience of global human rights issues
Pedigo, K., & Marshall, V. (2011) · Journal of Global Responsibility · doi:10.1108/20412561111128564 · Cited by 1
Polyphenol Components and Radical Scavenging Activity of Geneva (crab apple)
Sugawara, T., Nouchi, Y., & Igarashi, K. (2006) · NIPPON SHOKUHIN KOGYO GAKKAISHI · doi:10.3136/nskkk.53.232 · Cited by 1
From the Red Core to the Black Sky: Corporate Crime in the Transnational MatrixPreprint
Russell, S. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal
Ethical Perspectives on Child Labor: Deontology vs. UtilitarianismPreprint
Apte, R. (2024) · doi:10.58445/rars.1711
Mihigo, I. M., Akonkwa, D. B. M., & Vermeylen, G. (2026) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2026.02.032
Bi, F., & Alexis, K. (2014) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)
Metadata
- Authors
- Hindman, H. D., & Smith, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Appalachian State University (US)
- Niagara University (US)
- ORCID
- Smith, Charles G.
- Venue
- Journal of Business Ethics
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-33
- ISSN
- 0167-4544 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0697
- OpenAlex
- W1490990732
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Business Ethics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Labor and Employment Law
- Social Sciences › Development › Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
- Keywords
- child labor, cross-cultural ethics, universalism, cultural relativism, human rights, industrialization, human capital theory, Adam Smith, industrial capitalism, developmental patterns, newly industrializing countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.