CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 563Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Outcome in High-Functioning Adults with Autism with and Without Early Language Delays: Implications for the Differentiation Between Autism and Asperger Syndrome

Howlin, Patricia·2003·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
DOI 10.1023/a:1022270118899
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The question of whether Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism should be considered as the same or different conditions has been a source of debate and controversy over recent years. In the present study, 34 adults with autism who had shown early delays in language were compared with 42 individuals who were reported to have had no such delays, either in their use of words or phrases. All participants were at least 18 years of age, had a nonverbal IQ of 70 or above and met ADI-R criteria for age of onset, communication and social impairments, and stereotyped behaviors. Those in the language delay group were diagnosed as having high-functioning autism. The remainder were designated as having Asperger syndrome. The groups were matched for age, nonverbal IQ and gender. No significant differences were found between the groups either in their total ADI-R algorithm scores, or in their algorithm scores on individual domains. Social outcome ratings and ADI-R scores based on current functioning also failed to differentiate between the groups. Scores on tests of language comprehension and expression were also similar, but in both groups language abilities were well below chronological age level. The implications of these results with respect to the differences between Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism are discussed. The poor performance on language tests also challenges the assumption that early language development in Asperger syndrome is essentially normal.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/a:1022270118899

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 44 references

3 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Dunn, L., Dunn, L., Whetton, C., & Burley, J. (1997). British Picture Vocabulary Scale: Revised. Slough, Bucks: NFER-Nelson Publishing Co.
  2. Dunn, L., Dunn, L., Whetton, C., & Pintillie, D. (1982). British Picture Vocabulary Scale: Slough, Bucks: NFER-Nelson Publishing Co.
  3. Gardner, M. (1982). Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test (Upper Extension). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
  4. Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hulton, J., & Rutter, M. (press). A cognitive and behavioural study of outcome in young adults with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
  5. Klin, A., Volkmar, F. R., & Sparrow, S. S. (Eds.) (2002). Asperger syndrome. New York: Guildford Press.
  6. Pomeroy, J. C. (1998). Subtyping of pervasive developmental disorders: Issues of validity and implications for child psychiatric diagnosis. In E. Schopler, G. B. Mesibov, & L. J. Kunce. Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism? New York: Plenum.
  7. Szatmari, P. (2000). Perspectives on the classification of Asperger syndrome. In A. Klin, F. R., Volkmar, & S. S. Sparrow ((Eds.). Asperger syndrome (pp. 403-417). New York, Guildford Press.
  8. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  9. Wing, L. (2000). Past and Future of Research on Asperger Syndrome. In A. Klin, F. K. Volkmar, & S. S. Sparrow (Eds.), Asperger syndrome (pp. 418-432). New York: The Guildford Press.
  10. World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 562

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Howlin, P.
Affiliations
St George's, University of London (GB)
Corresponding author
Howlin, Patricia
ORCID
Howlin, Patricia
Venue
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2003-02
Volume
33
Issue
1
Pages
3-13
ISSN
  • 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-3432
DOI
10.1023/a:1022270118899
OpenAlex
W1737053431
Cited by
563
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 35
FWCI
11.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords
Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, autism spectrum disorder, language comprehension, language expression, social functioning, diagnostic classification, language development
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Language, Language Tests, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index, Asperger Syndrome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review