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Movements and media: Selection processes and evolutionary dynamics in the public sphere

Koopmans, Ruud·2004·Theory and Society
DOI 10.1023/b:ryso.0000038603.34963.de
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  1. Charles Tilly, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986);
  2. Charles Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).
  3. See Dominique Wisler and Marco Giugni, "Under the Spotlight: The Impact of Media Attention on Protest Policing," Mobilization 4 (1999): 203-222;
  4. Donatella Della Porta and Herbert Reiter, editors, Policing Protest (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
  5. E.g., Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
  6. Charlotte Ryan, Prime Time Activism (Boston: South End Press, 1991).
  7. E.g., M.H. Danzger, "Validating Conflict Data," American Sociological Review 40 (1975): 570-584;
  8. David Snyder and William R. Kelly, "Conflict Intensity, Media Sensitivity and the Validity of Newspaper Data," American Sociological Review 42 (1977): 105-123.
  9. John D. McCarthy, Clark McPhail and Jackie Smith, "Images of Protest: Estimating Selection Bias in Media Cover- age of Washington Demonstrations, 1982, 1991," American Sociological Review 61(1996): 478-499;
  10. Pamela E. Oliver and Gregory Maney, "Political Processes and Local Newspaper Coverage of Protest Events: From Selection Bias to Triadic Interactions," American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 463-505.
  11. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
  12. E.g., William A. Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," in Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi and Sidney Tarrow, editors, From Structure to Action (Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press, 1988), 219-244.
  13. William A. Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Movements and Media as Interacting Systems," Annals of the American Academy of Political Science 528 (1993): 116.
  14. See Bert Klandermans and Sjoerd Goslinga, "Media Discourse, Movement Pub- licity, and the Generation of Collective Action Frames: Theoretical and Empiri- cal Exercises in Meaning Construction," in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 312-337.
  15. See also John D. McCarthy, Jackie Smith and Mayer N. Zald, "Accessing Pub- lic, Media, Electoral, and Governmental Agendas," in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Move- ments (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 294.
  16. Friedhelm Neidhardt, " Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen," Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, special issue 34 (1994): 7-41. As will become clear in the empirical part of this article, the notion of "speaker" is here meant in a broad sense, and includes those who "speak" through nonverbal messages, such as violence against immigrants.
  17. See for empirical evidence of this mechanism Daniel J. Myers, "The Diffusion of Collective Violence: Infectiousness, Susceptibility, and Mass Media Networks," American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 173-208.
  18. Pamela A. Oliver and Daniel J. Myers, "How Events Enter the Pub- lic Sphere: Conflict, Location, and Sponsorship in Local Newspaper Coverage of Public Events," American Journal of Sociology 105 (1999): 38-87;
  19. In developing these concepts I have been inspired by the work on collective action frames of David Snow and his colleagues: David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 464-481;
  20. David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 133-155. See also William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, "Media Discourse on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (1989): 1-37. My approach differs from these authors in that I do not focus on the particular actor of interest's own discursive mobilization strategies, but on the -largely strategically unanticipated -reactions that actors encounter once they enter the public sphere. Thus, I emphasize the effects of the discursive context, while Snow and his colleagues emphasize the internal perspective of the discursive strategies of social movement activists and organizers. These two perspectives are obviously complementary rather than mutually exclusive.
  21. Robert T. Holden, "The Contagiousness of Aircraft Hijacking," American Journal of Sociology 91 (1986): 874-904.
  22. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (London: Penguin, 1968 [1859]), 117-118.
  23. Pamela E. Oliver and Daniel J. Myers, "The Coevolution of Social Movements," Mobilization 8 (2003): 1-24.
  24. Recent publications arguing for the usefulness of evolutionary mechanisms and processes to explaining sociological phenomena include Bernd Baldus, "Darwin und die Soziologie. Kontingenz, Aktion und Struktur im menschlichen Sozialver- halten," Zeitschrift für Soziologie 31 (2002): 316-331; and Stanley Lieberson and Freda B. Lynn, "Barking Up the Wrong Branch: Scientific Alternatives to the Current Model of Sociological Science," Annual Review of Sociology 28 (2002): 1-19.
  25. E.g., W. G. Runciman, A Treatise on Social Theory, vol. 2: Substantive Social Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1989);
  26. E.g., Robert Axelrod, "An Evolutionary Approach to Norms," American Political Science Review 80 (1986): 1095-1111;
  27. Michael Macy, "Natural Selection and Social Learning in Prisoner's Dilemma. Coadaptation with Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks," Sociological Methods and Research 25 (1996): 103-137.
  28. E.g., Michael T. Hannan and Glenn R. Carroll, Dynamics of Organizational Popu- lations. Density, Legitimation, and Competition (Oxford University Press, 1992);
  29. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, Organizational Ecology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).
  30. Stephen Hilgartner and Charles L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems," American Journal of Sociology 94 (1988): 53-78.
  31. See, for example, Hanspeter Kriesi, "The Interdependence of Structure and Ac- tion: Some Reflections on the State of the Art," in Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi and Sidney Tarrow, editors, From Structure to Action (Greenwich, Con- necticut: JAI Press, 1988), 349-368;
  32. Mark I. Lichbach, "Contending Theories of Contentious Politics and the Structure-Action Problem of Social Order," An- nual Review of Political Science 1 (1998): 401-424;
  33. Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, Charles Tilly, Francesca Polletta, Sidney Tarrow, David S. Meyer and Ruud Koopmans, "Mini-Symposium on Social Movements," Sociological Forum 14 (1999): 27-136.
  34. E.g., Sidney Tarrow, Democracy and Disorder (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989);
  35. Hanspeter Kriesi, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Duyvendak and Marco G. Giugni, New Social Movements in Western Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
  36. E.g., John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, "Resource Mobilization and So- cial Movements: A Partial Theory," American Journal of Sociology 82 (1977): 1212-1241.
  37. William A. Gamson and David S. Meyer, "Framing Political Opportunity," in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Per- spectives on Social Movements (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 275-290;
  38. see also Bert Klandermans, The Social Psychology of Protest (Cambridge: Black- well, 1997); and Doowun Suh, "How Do Political Opportunities Matter for Social Movements? Political Opportunity, Misframing, Pseudosuccess, and Pseudofail- ure," The Sociological Quarterly 42 (2001): 437-468.
  39. Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper, "Caught in Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory," Sociological Forum 14 (1999): 33. 36. Ibid., 52-53.
  40. For a multivariate quantitative analysis of the determinants of right-wing violence in Germany that supports the interpretation given here, see Ruud Koopmans and Susan Olzak, "Discursive Opportunities and the Evolution of Right-Wing Violence in Germany," American Journal of Sociology 110 (2004).
  41. For further information on these events, see Roger Karapin, "Major Anti-Minority Riots and National Legislative Campaigns Against Immigrants in Britain and Ger- many," in Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham, editors, Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics. Comparative European Perspectives (Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2000), 312-347. 40. Ibid.
  42. See Dieter Roth, "Was bewegt den Wähler?" Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte no. 11 (1994): 3-13.
  43. For further discussion of the role in the dynamics of contentious politics of what I call (forward-looking) anticipation, (backward-looking) adaptation, and selection, see Ruud Koopmans, "Protest in Time and Space: The Evolution of Waves of Contention," in David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule and Hanspeter Kriesi, editors, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 19-46.
  44. See, for example, Michael Suk-Young Chwe, "Structure and Strategy in Collective Action," American Journal of Sociology 105 (1999): 128-156.
  45. E.g., in Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).

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Authors
Koopmans, R.
Venue
Theory and Society
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2004-06
Volume
33
Issue
3-4
Pages
367-391
ISSN
  • 0304-2421
  • 1573-7853
DOI
10.1023/b:ryso.0000038603.34963.de
Cited by
296
References
1
Language
en
Licence

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