Onset of the Mid‐Cretaceous greenhouse in the Barremian‐Aptian: Igneous events and the biological, sedimentary, and geochemical responses

Abstract

Basalts and biostratigraphy dated at 125–120 Ma from the Ontong Java and Manihiki Plateaus in the western Pacific evidence the largest volcanic event in Earth history in at least the past 160 m.y. The intervening Nova‐Canton Trough rifted at about 121–118 Ma, and a number of guyots and seamounts formed concurrently or slightly later. Geological events that probably were responses to these volcanic/tectonic events occurred in the following chronostratigraphic order. Biotic fluctuations began at about 122.5 Ma. At about 122.0 Ma, 87 Sr/86 Sr began to decline slowly. Metal concentrations of Co, Mn, Pb, Yb, and Cu in sediments peaked at about 121.5–121.2 Ma. Changes in planktonic communities and sedimentation culminated in a nannoconid “crisis” just prior to 120.5 Ma and in the Selli black shale (OAE la) at about 120.5–119.5 Ma. A sharp drop in δ 13 C occurred at the beginning of the Selli event and rebounded into a longer positive excursion that reached a peak after the Selli event at about 119.5–118.5 Ma. At 120.5 Ma, 87 Sr/86 Sr declined rapidly and reached a minimum at about 116–113 Ma. We speculate that the intensity of these latter responses suggests a corresponding peak in volcanic/tectonic activity at about 121–119 Ma.